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Professor Vernon Ward

PositionProfessor
DepartmentDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology
QualificationsBSc(Hons) PhD(Otago)
Research summaryViral pathogenesis, Molecular virology, Applied immunology, Host pathogen interactions

Research

Viruses are well known for their ability to cause disease, but the diversity of virus structure and replication offers many opportunities to exploit virus particles, their structure and their replication for beneficial purposes. My current research involves both the study of pathogenic viruses and the exploitation of virus properties for beneficial purposes.

For more detail see:
micro.otago.ac.nz/our-people/vernon-ward/

Publications

Sparrow, K. J., Shrestha, R., Wood, J. M., Clinch, K., Hurst, B. L., Wang, H., … McSweeney, A. M., Ward, V. K., … Harris, L. D. (2023). An isomer of galidesivir that potently inhibits influenza viruses and members of the Bunyavirales order. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 506-513. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048

Mirabelli, C., Jones, M. K., Young, V. L., Kolawole, A. O., Owusu, I., Shan, M., … Ward, V. K., … Wobus, C. E. (2022). Human norovirus triggers primary B cell immune activation in vitro. mBio, 13(2), e00175-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00175-22

Owusu, I. A., Passalacqua, K. D., Mirabelli, C., Lu, J., Young, V. L., Hosmillo, M., … Ward, V. K., & Wobus, C. E. (2022). Akt plays differential roles during the life cycles of acute and persistent murine norovirus strains in macrophages. Journal of Virology, 96(3), e01923-21. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01923-21

Pang, L., Lin, S., McGill, E., Tham, A., Hewitt, J., Nokes, C., & Ward, V. (2022). Reductions of human enteric viruses in 10 commonly used activated carbon, polypropylene and polyester household drinking-water filters. Water Research, 213, 118174. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118174

Pang, L., Tham, A., Nilprapa, P., Cocker, A., MacDonald, P., Adams, R., … Ward, V., & Nokes, C. (2022). Cryptosporidium surrogate removal in pilot-scale rapid sand filters comprising anthracite, pumice or engineered ceramic granular media, and its correlation with turbidity. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102614. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102614

Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V., Scullion, S., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2015). Virus-like particles, a versatile subunit vaccine platform. In C. Foged, T. Rades, Y. Perrie & S. Hook (Eds.), Subunit vaccine delivery. (pp. 159-180). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3

Chapter in Book - Research

Dorrington, R. A., Gorbalenya, A. E., Gordon, K. H. J., Lauber, C., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Family Tetraviridae: Taxonomic structure of the family. In A. M. Q. King, M. J. Adams, E. B. Carstens & E. J. Lefkowitz (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses: Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (pp. 1091-1102). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Chapter in Book - Research

Ward, V. K., Cooke, B. D., & Strive, T. (2010). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and other lagoviruses. In G. S. Hansman, X. J. Jiang & K. Y. Green (Eds.), Caliciviruses: Molecular and Cellular Virology. (pp. 223-246). Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.

Chapter in Book - Research

Williams, T., & Ward, V. K. (2010). Iridoviruses. In S. Asgari & K. N. Johnson (Eds.), Insect virology. (pp. 123-151). Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic.

Chapter in Book - Research

Hanzlik, T. N., Gordon, K. H. J., Gorbalenya, A. E., Hendry, D. A., Pringle, F. M., Ward, V. K., & Zeddam, J.-L. (2005). Family Tetraviridae: Taxonomic structure of the family. In C. M. Fauquet, M. A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger & L. A. Ball (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses: Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (pp. 873-883). San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Chapter in Book - Research

Ward, V. K., Sneddon, K., Hyink, O., & Kalmakoff, J. (2002). Baculovirus genomics: A resource for biocontrol. In R. K. Upadhyay (Ed.), Advances in Microbial Control of Insect Pests. (pp. 127-144). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Chapter in Book - Research

Kreissig, S. B., Ward, V. K., Hammock, B. D., & Choudary, P. V. (1995). Sequence analysis of individual chains of antibodies to triazine herbicides. In J. O. Nelson, A. E. Karu & R. B. Wong (Eds.), Immunoanalysis of agrochemicals: Emerging technologies: ACS Symposium Series (Vol. 586). (pp. 31-49). Washington, DC: ACS. doi: 10.1021/bk-1995-0586.ch003

Chapter in Book - Research

Ward, V. K., & Kalmakoff, J. (1991). Invertebrate Iridoviridae. In E. Kurstak (Ed.), Viruses of invertebrates. (pp. 197-226). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.

Chapter in Book - Research

Sparrow, K. J., Shrestha, R., Wood, J. M., Clinch, K., Hurst, B. L., Wang, H., … McSweeney, A. M., Ward, V. K., … Harris, L. D. (2023). An isomer of galidesivir that potently inhibits influenza viruses and members of the Bunyavirales order. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 506-513. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048

Journal - Research Article

Mirabelli, C., Jones, M. K., Young, V. L., Kolawole, A. O., Owusu, I., Shan, M., … Ward, V. K., … Wobus, C. E. (2022). Human norovirus triggers primary B cell immune activation in vitro. mBio, 13(2), e00175-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00175-22

Journal - Research Article

Owusu, I. A., Passalacqua, K. D., Mirabelli, C., Lu, J., Young, V. L., Hosmillo, M., … Ward, V. K., & Wobus, C. E. (2022). Akt plays differential roles during the life cycles of acute and persistent murine norovirus strains in macrophages. Journal of Virology, 96(3), e01923-21. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01923-21

Journal - Research Article

Pang, L., Lin, S., McGill, E., Tham, A., Hewitt, J., Nokes, C., & Ward, V. (2022). Reductions of human enteric viruses in 10 commonly used activated carbon, polypropylene and polyester household drinking-water filters. Water Research, 213, 118174. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118174

Journal - Research Article

Pang, L., Tham, A., Nilprapa, P., Cocker, A., MacDonald, P., Adams, R., … Ward, V., & Nokes, C. (2022). Cryptosporidium surrogate removal in pilot-scale rapid sand filters comprising anthracite, pumice or engineered ceramic granular media, and its correlation with turbidity. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102614. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102614

Journal - Research Article

Campbell, K., Young, V. L., Donaldson, B. C., Woodall, M. J., Shields, N. J., Walker, G. F., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2021). Delivering two tumour antigens survivin and mucin-1 on virus-like particles enhances anti-tumour immune responses. Vaccines, 9(5), 463. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9050463

Journal - Research Article

Dowlath, S., Campbell, K., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V. L., Young, S. L., Walker, G. F., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Dry formulation of virus-like particles in electrospun nanofibers. Vaccines, 9(3), 213. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030213

Journal - Research Article

McSweeney, A. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Norovirus VPg binds RNA through a conserved N-terminal K/R basic patch. Viruses, 13(7), 1282. doi: 10.3390/v13071282

Journal - Research Article

Kim, S. H., Mercer, A., Mitchell, A., de Miranda, J. R., Ward, V., Mondet, F., & Bostina, M. (2019). Viral infections alter antennal epithelium ultrastructure in honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 168, 107252. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107252

Journal - Research Article

Kramer, K., Al-Barwani, F., Baird, M. A., Young, V. L., Larsen, D. S., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2019). Functionalisation of virus-like particles enhances antitumour immune responses. Journal of Immunology Research, 2019, 5364632. doi: 10.1155/2019/5364632

Journal - Research Article

McSweeney, A., Davies, C., & Ward, V. K. (2019). Cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of norovirus VPg proteins. Viruses, 11(3), 217. doi: 10.3390/v11030217

Journal - Research Article

Thomson, N. A., Howe, L., Weidgraaf, K., Thomas, D. G., Young, V., Ward, V. K., & Munday, J. S. (2019). Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 virus-like particle vaccine is safe and immunogenic but does not reduce FcaPV-2 viral loads in adult cats. Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology, 213, 109888. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109888

Journal - Research Article

Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Pelham, S. J., Young, K., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2017). Multi-target chimaeric VLP as a therapeutic vaccine in a model of colorectal cancer. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 5, 69. doi: 10.1186/s40425-017-0270-1

Journal - Research Article

Lateef, Z., Gimenez, G., Baker, E. S., & Ward, V. K. (2017). Transcriptomic analysis of human norovirus NS1-2 protein highlights a multifunctional role in murine monocytes. BMC Genomics, 18, 39. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-3417-4

Journal - Research Article

Li, K., Donaldson, B., Young, V., Ward, V., Jackson, C., Baird, M., & Young, S. (2017). Adoptive cell therapy with CD4+ T helper 1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells enhances complete rejection of an established tumour, leading to generation of endogenous memory responses to non-targeted tumour epitopes. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 6(10), e160. doi: 10.1038/cti.2017.37

Journal - Research Article

Nicholson, L. J., Mahar, J. E., Strive, T., Zheng, T., Holmes, E. C., Ward, V. K., & Duckworth, J. A. (2017). Benign rabbit calicivirus in New Zealand. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 83(11), e00090-17. doi: 10.1128/aem.00090-17

Journal - Research Article

Davies, C., & Ward, V. K. (2016). Expression of the NS5 (VPg) protein of murine norovirus induces a G1/S phase arrest. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0161582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161582

Journal - Research Article

Mahar, J. E., Nicholson, L., Eden, J.-S., Duchêne, S., Kerr, P. J., Duckworth, J., Ward, V. K., … Strive, T. (2016). Benign rabbit caliciviruses exhibit evolutionary dynamics similar to those of their virulent relatives. Journal of Virology, 90(20), 9317-9329. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01212-16

Journal - Research Article

Slatter, T. L., Wilson, M., Tang, C., Campbell, H. G., Ward, V. K., Young, V. L., … Fleming, N. I., Braithwaite, A. W., & Baird, M. A. (2016). Antitumor cytotoxicity induced by bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is facilitated by the tumor suppressor protein p53 via regulation of IL-12. OncoImmunology, 5(3), e1112941. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1112941

Journal - Research Article

Chiu, E., Hijnen, M., Bunker, R. D., Boudes, M., Rajendran, C., Aizel, K., … Young, V., Ward, V. K., … Coulibaly, F. (2015). Structural basis for the enhancement of virulence by viral spindles and their in vivo crystallization. PNAS, 112(13), 3973-3978. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418798112

Journal - Research Article

Davies, C., Brown, C. M., Westphal, D., Ward, J. M., & Ward, V. K. (2015). Murine norovirus replication induces a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in asynchronous growing cells. Journal of Virology, 89(11), 6057-6066. doi: 10.1128/jvi.03673-14

Journal - Research Article

Al Barwani, F., Donaldson, B., Pelham, S. J., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Antigen delivery by virus-like particles for immunotherapeutic vaccination. Therapeutic Delivery, 5(11), 1223-1240. doi: 10.4155/TDE.14.74

Journal - Research Article

Al-Barwani, F., Young, S. L., Baird, M. A., Larsen, D. S., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Mannosylation of virus-like particles enhances internalization by antigen presenting cells. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104523. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104523

Journal - Research Article

Herod, M. R., Prince, C. A., Skilton, R. J., Ward, V. K., Cooper, J. B., & Clarke, I. N. (2014). Structure-based design and functional studies of novel noroviral 3C protease chimaeras offer insights into substrate specificity. Biochemical Journal, 464, 461-472. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140959

Journal - Research Article

Herod, M. R., Salim, O., Skilton, R. J., Prince, C. A., Ward, V. K., Lambden, P. R., & Clarke, I. N. (2014). Expression of the murine norovirus (MNV) ORF1 polyprotein is sufficient to induce apoptosis in a virus-free cell model. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090679

Journal - Research Article

Sirotkin, S., Mermet, A., Bergoin, M., Ward, V., & Van Etten, J. L. (2014). Viruses as nanoparticles: Structure versus collective dynamics. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 90(2-1), 022718. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.022718

Journal - Research Article

Waugh, E., Chen, A., Baird, M. A., Brown, C. M., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Characterization of the chemokine response of RAW264.7 cells to infection by murine norovirus. Virus Research, 181, 27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.025

Journal - Research Article

Jemon, K., Young, V., Wilson, M., McKee, S., Ward, V., Baird, M., Young, S., & Hibma, M. (2013). An enhanced heterologous virus-like particle for human papillomavirus type 16 tumour immunotherapy. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e66866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066866

Journal - Research Article

Li, K., Peers-Adams, A., Win, S. J., Scullion, S., Wilson, M., Young, V. L., Jennings, P., Ward, V. K., Baird, M. A., & Young, S. L. (2013). Antigen incorporated in virus-like particles is delivered to specific dendritic cell subsets that induce an effective antitumor immune response in vivo. Journal of Immunotherapy, 36(1), 11-19. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3182787f5e

Journal - Research Article

Baker, E. S., Luckner, S. R., Krause, K. L., Lambden, P. R., Clarke, I. N., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Inherent structural disorder and dimerisation of murine norovirus NS1-2 protein. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e30534. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030534

Journal - Research Article

McKee, S. J., Young, V. L., Clow, F., Hayman, C. M., Baird, M. A., Hermans, I. F., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Virus-like particles and α-galactosylceramide form a self-adjuvanting composite particle that elicits anti-tumor responses. Journal of Controlled Release, 159(3), 338-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.015

Journal - Research Article

Win, S. J., McMillan, D. G. G., Errington-Mais, F., Ward, V. K., Young, S. L., Baird, M. A., & Melcher, A. A. (2012). Enhancing the immunogenicity of tumour lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccines by conjugation to virus-like particles. British Journal of Cancer, 106, 92-98. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.538

Journal - Research Article

Win, S. J., Ward, V. K., Dunbar, P. R., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2011). Cross-presentation of epitopes on virus-like particles via the MHC I receptor recycling pathway. Immunology & Cell Biology, 89, 681-688. doi: 10.1038/icb.2010.161

Journal - Research Article

Wong, C. K., Young, V. L., Kleffmann, T., & Ward, V. K. (2011). Genomic and proteomic analysis of invertebrate iridovirus type 9. Journal of Virology, 85(15), 7900-7911. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00645-11

Journal - Research Article

Katpally, U., Voss, N. R., Cavazza, T., Taube, S., Rubin, J. R., Young, V. L., … Ward, V. K., … Smith, T. J. (2010). High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of murine norovirus 1 and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus reveal marked flexibility in the receptor binding domains. Journal of Virology, 84(11), 5836-5841. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00314-10

Journal - Research Article

Markwick, N. P., Glare, T. R., Hauxwell, C., Li, Z., Poulton, J., Ward, J. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2010). The infectivity and host range of Orgyia anartoides nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134(1), 61-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01443.x

Journal - Research Article

Young, V. L., Sneddon, K. M. B., & Ward, V. K. (2010). Establishment of a neonate cell line from Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that supports replication of E. postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104, 147-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.02.004

Journal - Research Article

Zeddam, J.-L., Gordon, K. H. J., Lauber, C., Felipe Alves, C. A., Luke, B. T., Hanzlik, T. N., Ward, V. K., & Gorbalenya, A. E. (2010). Euprosterna elaeasa virus genome sequence and evolution of the Tetraviridae family: Emergence of bipartite genomes and conservation of the VPg signal with the dsRNA Birnaviridae family. Virology, 397(1), 145-154. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.042

Journal - Research Article

Coulibaly, F., Chiu, E., Gutmann, S., Rajendran, C., Haebel, P. W., Ikeda, K., … Ward, V. K., … Metcalf, P. (2009). The atomic structure of baculovirus polyhedra reveals the independent emergence of infectious crystals in DNA and RNA viruses. PNAS, 106(52), 22205-22210. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910686106

Journal - Research Article

Gatehouse, H. S., Poulton, J., Markwick, N. P., Gatehouse, L. N., Ward, V. K., Young, V. L., … Christeller, J. T. (2009). Changes in gene expression in the permissive larval host lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana, Tortricidae) in response to EppoNPV (Baculoviridae) infection. Insect Molecular Biology, 18(5), 635-648. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00904.x

Journal - Research Article

Gatehouse, L. N., Markwick, N. P., Poulton, J., Young, V. L., Ward, V. K., & Christeller, J. T. (2008). Expression of two heterologous proteins depends on the mode of expression: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods. Bioprocess & Biosystems Engineering, 31(5), 469-475. doi: 10.1007/s00449-007-0184-2

Journal - Research Article

Hartschuh, R. D., Wargacki, S. P., Xiong, H., Neiswinger, J., Kisliuk, A., Sihn, S., Ward, V., … Sokolov, A. P. (2008). How rigid are viruses. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 78(2), 021907. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.021907

Journal - Research Article

Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Perret, R., Ronchese, F., Ward, V. K., Young, V., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2008). Virus-like particles from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus can induce an anti-tumor response. Vaccine, 26, 5334-5337. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.074

Journal - Research Article

Wilson, S., Baird, M., & Ward, V. K. (2008). Delivery of vaccine peptides by rapid conjugation to baculovirus particles. Vaccine, 26, 2451-2456. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.027

Journal - Research Article

Gatehouse, H. S., Markwick, N. P., Poulton, J., Ward, V. K., Young, V., Wilson, S., Dellow, R., Sneddon, K., … Christeller, J. T. (2007). Effects of EppoNPV infection on gene expression in Epiphyas postvittana larvae. New Zealand Plant Protection, 60, 33-41.

Journal - Research Article

Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Baird, M. A., & Ward, V. K. (2007). Versatile RHDV virus-like particles: Incorporation of antigens by genetic modification and chemical conjugation. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 98(5), 968-977.

Journal - Research Article

Poulton, J., Markwick, N. P., Ward, V. K., & Young, V. (2007). Host range testing of a nucleopolyhedrovirus of the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana. New Zealand Plant Protection, 60, 26-32.

Journal - Research Article

Snell, A. E., Graves, S., Kane, R., Ward, V., Slaney, D., Mercer, A., … Weinstein, P. (2007). Pilot testing a genus wide PCR-based system for arbovirus detection in mosquitoes in New Zealand. Weta, 33, 6-13.

Journal - Research Article

Ward, V. K., McCormick, C. J., Clarke, I. N., Salim, O., Wobus, C. E., Thackray, L. B., … Lambden, P. R. (2007). Recovery of infectious murine norovirus using pol II-driven expression of full-length cDNA. PNAS, 104(26), 11050-11055.

Journal - Research Article

Barratt, B. I. P., Murney, R., Easingwood, R., & Ward, V. K. (2006). Virus-like particles in the ovaries of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Comparison of biotypes from Morocco and Europe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 91, 13-18.

Journal - Research Article

Juhl, S. B., Chan, E. P., Ha, Y.-H., Maldovan, M., Brunton, J., Ward, V., … Kalmakoff, J., … Vaia, R. A. (2006). Assembly of Wiseana iridovirus: Viruses for colloidal photonic crystals. Advanced Functional Materials, 16(8), 1086-1094.

Journal - Research Article

Young, S. L., Wilson, M., Wilson, S., Beagley, K. W., Ward, V., & Baird, M. A. (2006). Transcutaneous vaccination with virus-like particles. Vaccine, 24, 5406-5412. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.052

Journal - Research Article

Radloff, C., Vaia, R. A., Brunton, J., Bouwer, G. T., & Ward, V. K. (2005). Metal nanoshell assembly on a virus bioscaffold. Nano Letters, 5(6), 1187-1191.

Journal - Research Article

Young, V. L., Simpson, R. M., & Ward, V. K. (2005). Characterization of an exochitinase from Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (family Baculoviridae). Journal of General Virology, 86, 3253-3261.

Journal - Research Article

Young, S. L., Buchan, G. S., Slobbe, L. J., Williman, J. A., Wilson, M., Ward, V. K., … Baird, M. A. (2004). Novel vaccine formulations to enhance type 1 immune responses. Immunology, 555-563.

Journal - Research Article

Humphries, M., Mustard, J. A., Hunter, S. J., Mercer, A. R., Ward, V. K., & Ebert, P. R. (2003). Invertebrate D2 type dopamine receptor exhibits age-based plasticity of expression in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain. Journal of Neurobiology, 55, 315-330.

Journal - Research Article

Khan, S., Sneddon, K., Fielding, B., Ward, V. K., & Davison, S. (2003). Functional characterization of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase gene of Helicoverpa armigera single-enveloped nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated in South Africa. Virus Genes, 27(1), 17-27.

Journal - Research Article

Mustard, J. A., Blenau, W., Hamilton, I. S., Ward, V. K., Ebert, P. R., & Mercer, A. R. (2003). Analysis of two D1-like dopamine receptors from the honey bee Apis mellifera reveals agonist-independent activity. Molecular Brain Research, 113, 67-77.

Journal - Research Article

Gorbalenya, A. E., Pringle, F. M., Zeddam, J.-L., Luke, B. T., Cameron, C. E., Kalmakoff, J., … Ward, V. K. (2002). The palm subdomain-based active site is internally permuted in viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of an ancient lineage. Journal of Molecular Biology, 324, 47-62.

Journal - Research Article

Hyink, O., Dellow, R., Olsen, M., Caradoc-Davies, K. M. B., Drake, K., Herniou, E. A., … Ward, V. K. (2002). Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of General Virology, 83, 957-971.

Journal - Research Article

Markwick, N. P., Graves, S., Fairbairn, F., Docherty, L. C., Poulton, J., & Ward, V. K. (2002). Infectivity of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus for New Zealand leafrollers. Biological Control, 25, 207-214.

Journal - Research Article

Brooks, H. J. L., Mollison, B. D., Bettelheim, K. A., Matejka, K., Paterson, K. A., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Occurrence and virulence factors of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat in Dunedin, New Zealand. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 32(2), 118-122. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00868.x

Journal - Research Article

Caradoc-Davies, K. M. B., Graves, S., O'Reilly, D. R., Evans, O. P., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Identificatioon and in vivo characterization of the Epiphyas postvittana Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ecdysteroid UDP-Glucosyltransferase. Virus Genes, 22(3), 255-264.

Journal - Research Article

Pringle, F. M., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Analysis of the capsid processing strategy of Thosea asigna virus using baculovirus expression of virus-like particles. Journal of General Virology, 82, 259-266.

Journal - Research Article

Maguire, T., Harrison, P., Hyink, O., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (2000). The inhibitors of apoptosis of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of General Virology, 81, 2803-2811.

Journal - Research Article

Sadler, A. J., Glare, T. R., Ward, V. K., & Kalmakoff, J. (2000). Physical and genetic map of the Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Journal of General Virology, 81, 1127-1133.

Journal - Research Article

Van Meer, M. M. M., Bonning, B. C., Ward, V. K., Vlak, J. M., & Hammock, B. D. (2000). Recombinant, catalytically inactive juvenile hormone esterase enhances efficacy of baculovirus insecticides. Biological Control, 19, 191-199.

Journal - Research Article

Pringle, F. M., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (1999). A novel capsid expression strategy for Thosea asigna virus, a member of the Tetraviridae. Journal of General Virology, 80, 1855-1863.

Journal - Research Article

Walsh, P. J., Glare, T. R., Nelson, T., Sadler, A. J., & Ward, V. K. (1999). Virulence of nucleopolyhedroviruses from Orgyia pseudotsugata and Orgyia leucostigma (Lep., Lymantriidae) for early instars of the white-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123, 375-379.

Journal - Research Article

Hyink, O., Graves, S., Fairburn, F. M., & Ward, V. K. (1998). Mapping and polyhedrin gene analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Journal of General Virology, 78, 2853-2862.

Journal - Research Article

Sadler, T. J., Ward, V. K., Glare, T. R., & Kalmakoff, J. (1998). Examination of New Zealand's endemic Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus by analysis of the viral polyhedrin gene. Archives of Virology, 143, 2273-2288.

Journal - Research Article

Bonning, B. C., Ward, V. K., Van Meer, M. M. M., Booth, T. F., & Hammock, B. D. (1997). Disruption of lysosomal targeting is associated with insecticidal potency of juvenile hormone esterase. PNAS, 94(12), 6007-6012.

Journal - Research Article

Kreissig, S. B., Ward, V. K., Hammock, B. D., & Choudary, P. V. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of the variable region of the heavy and light chains of a monoclonal IgG antibody reactive to herbicides, terbutryn and prometryn. DNA Sequence, 61, 51-54.

Journal - Research Article

Eruera, A.-R., McSweeney, A. M., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Protein nucleotidylylation in +ssRNA viruses. Viruses, 13, 1549. doi: 10.3390/v13081549

Journal - Research Other

Krause, K. L., Furneaux, R., Benjes, P., Brimble, M., Davidson, T., Denny, W., … Ussher, J. E., & Ward, V. (2020). The post-lockdown period should be used to acquire effective therapies for future resurgence in SARS-Cov-2 infections. New Zealand Medical Journal, 133(1513), 107-111. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Journal - Research Other

Donaldson, B., Lateef, Z., Walker, G. F., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2018). Virus-like particle vaccines: Immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Review of Vaccines, 17(9), 833-849. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552

Journal - Research Other

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