Professor Vernon Ward
Position | Professor |
---|---|
Department | Department of Microbiology and Immunology |
Qualifications | BSc(Hons) PhD(Otago) |
Research summary | Viral pathogenesis, Molecular virology, Applied immunology, Host pathogen interactions |
Research
Viruses are well known for their ability to cause disease, but the diversity of virus structure and replication offers many opportunities to exploit virus particles, their structure and their replication for beneficial purposes. My current research involves both the study of pathogenic viruses and the exploitation of virus properties for beneficial purposes.
For more detail see:
micro.otago.ac.nz/our-people/vernon-ward/
Publications
Sparrow, K. J., Shrestha, R., Wood, J. M., Clinch, K., Hurst, B. L., Wang, H., … McSweeney, A. M., Ward, V. K., … Harris, L. D. (2023). An isomer of galidesivir that potently inhibits influenza viruses and members of the Bunyavirales order. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 506-513. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048
Mirabelli, C., Jones, M. K., Young, V. L., Kolawole, A. O., Owusu, I., Shan, M., … Ward, V. K., … Wobus, C. E. (2022). Human norovirus triggers primary B cell immune activation in vitro. mBio, 13(2), e00175-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00175-22
Owusu, I. A., Passalacqua, K. D., Mirabelli, C., Lu, J., Young, V. L., Hosmillo, M., … Ward, V. K., & Wobus, C. E. (2022). Akt plays differential roles during the life cycles of acute and persistent murine norovirus strains in macrophages. Journal of Virology, 96(3), e01923-21. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01923-21
Pang, L., Lin, S., McGill, E., Tham, A., Hewitt, J., Nokes, C., & Ward, V. (2022). Reductions of human enteric viruses in 10 commonly used activated carbon, polypropylene and polyester household drinking-water filters. Water Research, 213, 118174. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118174
Pang, L., Tham, A., Nilprapa, P., Cocker, A., MacDonald, P., Adams, R., … Ward, V., & Nokes, C. (2022). Cryptosporidium surrogate removal in pilot-scale rapid sand filters comprising anthracite, pumice or engineered ceramic granular media, and its correlation with turbidity. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102614. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102614
Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V., Scullion, S., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2015). Virus-like particles, a versatile subunit vaccine platform. In C. Foged, T. Rades, Y. Perrie & S. Hook (Eds.), Subunit vaccine delivery. (pp. 159-180). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3
Chapter in Book - Research
Dorrington, R. A., Gorbalenya, A. E., Gordon, K. H. J., Lauber, C., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Family Tetraviridae: Taxonomic structure of the family. In A. M. Q. King, M. J. Adams, E. B. Carstens & E. J. Lefkowitz (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses: Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (pp. 1091-1102). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Chapter in Book - Research
Ward, V. K., Cooke, B. D., & Strive, T. (2010). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and other lagoviruses. In G. S. Hansman, X. J. Jiang & K. Y. Green (Eds.), Caliciviruses: Molecular and Cellular Virology. (pp. 223-246). Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
Chapter in Book - Research
Williams, T., & Ward, V. K. (2010). Iridoviruses. In S. Asgari & K. N. Johnson (Eds.), Insect virology. (pp. 123-151). Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic.
Chapter in Book - Research
Hanzlik, T. N., Gordon, K. H. J., Gorbalenya, A. E., Hendry, D. A., Pringle, F. M., Ward, V. K., & Zeddam, J.-L. (2005). Family Tetraviridae: Taxonomic structure of the family. In C. M. Fauquet, M. A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger & L. A. Ball (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses: Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (pp. 873-883). San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Chapter in Book - Research
Ward, V. K., Sneddon, K., Hyink, O., & Kalmakoff, J. (2002). Baculovirus genomics: A resource for biocontrol. In R. K. Upadhyay (Ed.), Advances in Microbial Control of Insect Pests. (pp. 127-144). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Chapter in Book - Research
Kreissig, S. B., Ward, V. K., Hammock, B. D., & Choudary, P. V. (1995). Sequence analysis of individual chains of antibodies to triazine herbicides. In J. O. Nelson, A. E. Karu & R. B. Wong (Eds.), Immunoanalysis of agrochemicals: Emerging technologies: ACS Symposium Series (Vol. 586). (pp. 31-49). Washington, DC: ACS. doi: 10.1021/bk-1995-0586.ch003
Chapter in Book - Research
Ward, V. K., & Kalmakoff, J. (1991). Invertebrate Iridoviridae. In E. Kurstak (Ed.), Viruses of invertebrates. (pp. 197-226). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
Chapter in Book - Research
Sparrow, K. J., Shrestha, R., Wood, J. M., Clinch, K., Hurst, B. L., Wang, H., … McSweeney, A. M., Ward, V. K., … Harris, L. D. (2023). An isomer of galidesivir that potently inhibits influenza viruses and members of the Bunyavirales order. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 506-513. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048
Journal - Research Article
Mirabelli, C., Jones, M. K., Young, V. L., Kolawole, A. O., Owusu, I., Shan, M., … Ward, V. K., … Wobus, C. E. (2022). Human norovirus triggers primary B cell immune activation in vitro. mBio, 13(2), e00175-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00175-22
Journal - Research Article
Owusu, I. A., Passalacqua, K. D., Mirabelli, C., Lu, J., Young, V. L., Hosmillo, M., … Ward, V. K., & Wobus, C. E. (2022). Akt plays differential roles during the life cycles of acute and persistent murine norovirus strains in macrophages. Journal of Virology, 96(3), e01923-21. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01923-21
Journal - Research Article
Pang, L., Lin, S., McGill, E., Tham, A., Hewitt, J., Nokes, C., & Ward, V. (2022). Reductions of human enteric viruses in 10 commonly used activated carbon, polypropylene and polyester household drinking-water filters. Water Research, 213, 118174. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118174
Journal - Research Article
Pang, L., Tham, A., Nilprapa, P., Cocker, A., MacDonald, P., Adams, R., … Ward, V., & Nokes, C. (2022). Cryptosporidium surrogate removal in pilot-scale rapid sand filters comprising anthracite, pumice or engineered ceramic granular media, and its correlation with turbidity. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102614. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102614
Journal - Research Article
Campbell, K., Young, V. L., Donaldson, B. C., Woodall, M. J., Shields, N. J., Walker, G. F., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2021). Delivering two tumour antigens survivin and mucin-1 on virus-like particles enhances anti-tumour immune responses. Vaccines, 9(5), 463. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9050463
Journal - Research Article
Dowlath, S., Campbell, K., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V. L., Young, S. L., Walker, G. F., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Dry formulation of virus-like particles in electrospun nanofibers. Vaccines, 9(3), 213. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030213
Journal - Research Article
McSweeney, A. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Norovirus VPg binds RNA through a conserved N-terminal K/R basic patch. Viruses, 13(7), 1282. doi: 10.3390/v13071282
Journal - Research Article
Kim, S. H., Mercer, A., Mitchell, A., de Miranda, J. R., Ward, V., Mondet, F., & Bostina, M. (2019). Viral infections alter antennal epithelium ultrastructure in honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 168, 107252. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107252
Journal - Research Article
Kramer, K., Al-Barwani, F., Baird, M. A., Young, V. L., Larsen, D. S., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2019). Functionalisation of virus-like particles enhances antitumour immune responses. Journal of Immunology Research, 2019, 5364632. doi: 10.1155/2019/5364632
Journal - Research Article
McSweeney, A., Davies, C., & Ward, V. K. (2019). Cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of norovirus VPg proteins. Viruses, 11(3), 217. doi: 10.3390/v11030217
Journal - Research Article
Thomson, N. A., Howe, L., Weidgraaf, K., Thomas, D. G., Young, V., Ward, V. K., & Munday, J. S. (2019). Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 virus-like particle vaccine is safe and immunogenic but does not reduce FcaPV-2 viral loads in adult cats. Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology, 213, 109888. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109888
Journal - Research Article
Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Pelham, S. J., Young, K., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2017). Multi-target chimaeric VLP as a therapeutic vaccine in a model of colorectal cancer. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 5, 69. doi: 10.1186/s40425-017-0270-1
Journal - Research Article
Lateef, Z., Gimenez, G., Baker, E. S., & Ward, V. K. (2017). Transcriptomic analysis of human norovirus NS1-2 protein highlights a multifunctional role in murine monocytes. BMC Genomics, 18, 39. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-3417-4
Journal - Research Article
Li, K., Donaldson, B., Young, V., Ward, V., Jackson, C., Baird, M., & Young, S. (2017). Adoptive cell therapy with CD4+ T helper 1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells enhances complete rejection of an established tumour, leading to generation of endogenous memory responses to non-targeted tumour epitopes. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 6(10), e160. doi: 10.1038/cti.2017.37
Journal - Research Article
Nicholson, L. J., Mahar, J. E., Strive, T., Zheng, T., Holmes, E. C., Ward, V. K., & Duckworth, J. A. (2017). Benign rabbit calicivirus in New Zealand. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 83(11), e00090-17. doi: 10.1128/aem.00090-17
Journal - Research Article
Davies, C., & Ward, V. K. (2016). Expression of the NS5 (VPg) protein of murine norovirus induces a G1/S phase arrest. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0161582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161582
Journal - Research Article
Mahar, J. E., Nicholson, L., Eden, J.-S., Duchêne, S., Kerr, P. J., Duckworth, J., Ward, V. K., … Strive, T. (2016). Benign rabbit caliciviruses exhibit evolutionary dynamics similar to those of their virulent relatives. Journal of Virology, 90(20), 9317-9329. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01212-16
Journal - Research Article
Slatter, T. L., Wilson, M., Tang, C., Campbell, H. G., Ward, V. K., Young, V. L., … Fleming, N. I., Braithwaite, A. W., & Baird, M. A. (2016). Antitumor cytotoxicity induced by bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is facilitated by the tumor suppressor protein p53 via regulation of IL-12. OncoImmunology, 5(3), e1112941. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1112941
Journal - Research Article
Chiu, E., Hijnen, M., Bunker, R. D., Boudes, M., Rajendran, C., Aizel, K., … Young, V., Ward, V. K., … Coulibaly, F. (2015). Structural basis for the enhancement of virulence by viral spindles and their in vivo crystallization. PNAS, 112(13), 3973-3978. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418798112
Journal - Research Article
Davies, C., Brown, C. M., Westphal, D., Ward, J. M., & Ward, V. K. (2015). Murine norovirus replication induces a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in asynchronous growing cells. Journal of Virology, 89(11), 6057-6066. doi: 10.1128/jvi.03673-14
Journal - Research Article
Al Barwani, F., Donaldson, B., Pelham, S. J., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Antigen delivery by virus-like particles for immunotherapeutic vaccination. Therapeutic Delivery, 5(11), 1223-1240. doi: 10.4155/TDE.14.74
Journal - Research Article
Al-Barwani, F., Young, S. L., Baird, M. A., Larsen, D. S., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Mannosylation of virus-like particles enhances internalization by antigen presenting cells. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104523. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104523
Journal - Research Article
Herod, M. R., Prince, C. A., Skilton, R. J., Ward, V. K., Cooper, J. B., & Clarke, I. N. (2014). Structure-based design and functional studies of novel noroviral 3C protease chimaeras offer insights into substrate specificity. Biochemical Journal, 464, 461-472. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140959
Journal - Research Article
Herod, M. R., Salim, O., Skilton, R. J., Prince, C. A., Ward, V. K., Lambden, P. R., & Clarke, I. N. (2014). Expression of the murine norovirus (MNV) ORF1 polyprotein is sufficient to induce apoptosis in a virus-free cell model. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090679
Journal - Research Article
Sirotkin, S., Mermet, A., Bergoin, M., Ward, V., & Van Etten, J. L. (2014). Viruses as nanoparticles: Structure versus collective dynamics. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 90(2-1), 022718. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.022718
Journal - Research Article
Waugh, E., Chen, A., Baird, M. A., Brown, C. M., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Characterization of the chemokine response of RAW264.7 cells to infection by murine norovirus. Virus Research, 181, 27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.025
Journal - Research Article
Jemon, K., Young, V., Wilson, M., McKee, S., Ward, V., Baird, M., Young, S., & Hibma, M. (2013). An enhanced heterologous virus-like particle for human papillomavirus type 16 tumour immunotherapy. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e66866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066866
Journal - Research Article
Li, K., Peers-Adams, A., Win, S. J., Scullion, S., Wilson, M., Young, V. L., Jennings, P., Ward, V. K., Baird, M. A., & Young, S. L. (2013). Antigen incorporated in virus-like particles is delivered to specific dendritic cell subsets that induce an effective antitumor immune response in vivo. Journal of Immunotherapy, 36(1), 11-19. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3182787f5e
Journal - Research Article
Baker, E. S., Luckner, S. R., Krause, K. L., Lambden, P. R., Clarke, I. N., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Inherent structural disorder and dimerisation of murine norovirus NS1-2 protein. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e30534. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030534
Journal - Research Article
McKee, S. J., Young, V. L., Clow, F., Hayman, C. M., Baird, M. A., Hermans, I. F., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Virus-like particles and α-galactosylceramide form a self-adjuvanting composite particle that elicits anti-tumor responses. Journal of Controlled Release, 159(3), 338-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.015
Journal - Research Article
Win, S. J., McMillan, D. G. G., Errington-Mais, F., Ward, V. K., Young, S. L., Baird, M. A., & Melcher, A. A. (2012). Enhancing the immunogenicity of tumour lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccines by conjugation to virus-like particles. British Journal of Cancer, 106, 92-98. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.538
Journal - Research Article
Win, S. J., Ward, V. K., Dunbar, P. R., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2011). Cross-presentation of epitopes on virus-like particles via the MHC I receptor recycling pathway. Immunology & Cell Biology, 89, 681-688. doi: 10.1038/icb.2010.161
Journal - Research Article
Wong, C. K., Young, V. L., Kleffmann, T., & Ward, V. K. (2011). Genomic and proteomic analysis of invertebrate iridovirus type 9. Journal of Virology, 85(15), 7900-7911. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00645-11
Journal - Research Article
Katpally, U., Voss, N. R., Cavazza, T., Taube, S., Rubin, J. R., Young, V. L., … Ward, V. K., … Smith, T. J. (2010). High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of murine norovirus 1 and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus reveal marked flexibility in the receptor binding domains. Journal of Virology, 84(11), 5836-5841. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00314-10
Journal - Research Article
Markwick, N. P., Glare, T. R., Hauxwell, C., Li, Z., Poulton, J., Ward, J. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2010). The infectivity and host range of Orgyia anartoides nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134(1), 61-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01443.x
Journal - Research Article
Young, V. L., Sneddon, K. M. B., & Ward, V. K. (2010). Establishment of a neonate cell line from Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that supports replication of E. postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104, 147-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.02.004
Journal - Research Article
Zeddam, J.-L., Gordon, K. H. J., Lauber, C., Felipe Alves, C. A., Luke, B. T., Hanzlik, T. N., Ward, V. K., & Gorbalenya, A. E. (2010). Euprosterna elaeasa virus genome sequence and evolution of the Tetraviridae family: Emergence of bipartite genomes and conservation of the VPg signal with the dsRNA Birnaviridae family. Virology, 397(1), 145-154. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.042
Journal - Research Article
Coulibaly, F., Chiu, E., Gutmann, S., Rajendran, C., Haebel, P. W., Ikeda, K., … Ward, V. K., … Metcalf, P. (2009). The atomic structure of baculovirus polyhedra reveals the independent emergence of infectious crystals in DNA and RNA viruses. PNAS, 106(52), 22205-22210. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910686106
Journal - Research Article
Gatehouse, H. S., Poulton, J., Markwick, N. P., Gatehouse, L. N., Ward, V. K., Young, V. L., … Christeller, J. T. (2009). Changes in gene expression in the permissive larval host lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana, Tortricidae) in response to EppoNPV (Baculoviridae) infection. Insect Molecular Biology, 18(5), 635-648. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00904.x
Journal - Research Article
Gatehouse, L. N., Markwick, N. P., Poulton, J., Young, V. L., Ward, V. K., & Christeller, J. T. (2008). Expression of two heterologous proteins depends on the mode of expression: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods. Bioprocess & Biosystems Engineering, 31(5), 469-475. doi: 10.1007/s00449-007-0184-2
Journal - Research Article
Hartschuh, R. D., Wargacki, S. P., Xiong, H., Neiswinger, J., Kisliuk, A., Sihn, S., Ward, V., … Sokolov, A. P. (2008). How rigid are viruses. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 78(2), 021907. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.021907
Journal - Research Article
Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Perret, R., Ronchese, F., Ward, V. K., Young, V., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2008). Virus-like particles from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus can induce an anti-tumor response. Vaccine, 26, 5334-5337. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.074
Journal - Research Article
Wilson, S., Baird, M., & Ward, V. K. (2008). Delivery of vaccine peptides by rapid conjugation to baculovirus particles. Vaccine, 26, 2451-2456. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.027
Journal - Research Article
Gatehouse, H. S., Markwick, N. P., Poulton, J., Ward, V. K., Young, V., Wilson, S., Dellow, R., Sneddon, K., … Christeller, J. T. (2007). Effects of EppoNPV infection on gene expression in Epiphyas postvittana larvae. New Zealand Plant Protection, 60, 33-41.
Journal - Research Article
Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Baird, M. A., & Ward, V. K. (2007). Versatile RHDV virus-like particles: Incorporation of antigens by genetic modification and chemical conjugation. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 98(5), 968-977.
Journal - Research Article
Poulton, J., Markwick, N. P., Ward, V. K., & Young, V. (2007). Host range testing of a nucleopolyhedrovirus of the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana. New Zealand Plant Protection, 60, 26-32.
Journal - Research Article
Snell, A. E., Graves, S., Kane, R., Ward, V., Slaney, D., Mercer, A., … Weinstein, P. (2007). Pilot testing a genus wide PCR-based system for arbovirus detection in mosquitoes in New Zealand. Weta, 33, 6-13.
Journal - Research Article
Ward, V. K., McCormick, C. J., Clarke, I. N., Salim, O., Wobus, C. E., Thackray, L. B., … Lambden, P. R. (2007). Recovery of infectious murine norovirus using pol II-driven expression of full-length cDNA. PNAS, 104(26), 11050-11055.
Journal - Research Article
Barratt, B. I. P., Murney, R., Easingwood, R., & Ward, V. K. (2006). Virus-like particles in the ovaries of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Comparison of biotypes from Morocco and Europe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 91, 13-18.
Journal - Research Article
Juhl, S. B., Chan, E. P., Ha, Y.-H., Maldovan, M., Brunton, J., Ward, V., … Kalmakoff, J., … Vaia, R. A. (2006). Assembly of Wiseana iridovirus: Viruses for colloidal photonic crystals. Advanced Functional Materials, 16(8), 1086-1094.
Journal - Research Article
Young, S. L., Wilson, M., Wilson, S., Beagley, K. W., Ward, V., & Baird, M. A. (2006). Transcutaneous vaccination with virus-like particles. Vaccine, 24, 5406-5412. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.052
Journal - Research Article
Radloff, C., Vaia, R. A., Brunton, J., Bouwer, G. T., & Ward, V. K. (2005). Metal nanoshell assembly on a virus bioscaffold. Nano Letters, 5(6), 1187-1191.
Journal - Research Article
Young, V. L., Simpson, R. M., & Ward, V. K. (2005). Characterization of an exochitinase from Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (family Baculoviridae). Journal of General Virology, 86, 3253-3261.
Journal - Research Article
Young, S. L., Buchan, G. S., Slobbe, L. J., Williman, J. A., Wilson, M., Ward, V. K., … Baird, M. A. (2004). Novel vaccine formulations to enhance type 1 immune responses. Immunology, 555-563.
Journal - Research Article
Humphries, M., Mustard, J. A., Hunter, S. J., Mercer, A. R., Ward, V. K., & Ebert, P. R. (2003). Invertebrate D2 type dopamine receptor exhibits age-based plasticity of expression in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain. Journal of Neurobiology, 55, 315-330.
Journal - Research Article
Khan, S., Sneddon, K., Fielding, B., Ward, V. K., & Davison, S. (2003). Functional characterization of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase gene of Helicoverpa armigera single-enveloped nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated in South Africa. Virus Genes, 27(1), 17-27.
Journal - Research Article
Mustard, J. A., Blenau, W., Hamilton, I. S., Ward, V. K., Ebert, P. R., & Mercer, A. R. (2003). Analysis of two D1-like dopamine receptors from the honey bee Apis mellifera reveals agonist-independent activity. Molecular Brain Research, 113, 67-77.
Journal - Research Article
Gorbalenya, A. E., Pringle, F. M., Zeddam, J.-L., Luke, B. T., Cameron, C. E., Kalmakoff, J., … Ward, V. K. (2002). The palm subdomain-based active site is internally permuted in viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of an ancient lineage. Journal of Molecular Biology, 324, 47-62.
Journal - Research Article
Hyink, O., Dellow, R., Olsen, M., Caradoc-Davies, K. M. B., Drake, K., Herniou, E. A., … Ward, V. K. (2002). Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of General Virology, 83, 957-971.
Journal - Research Article
Markwick, N. P., Graves, S., Fairbairn, F., Docherty, L. C., Poulton, J., & Ward, V. K. (2002). Infectivity of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus for New Zealand leafrollers. Biological Control, 25, 207-214.
Journal - Research Article
Brooks, H. J. L., Mollison, B. D., Bettelheim, K. A., Matejka, K., Paterson, K. A., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Occurrence and virulence factors of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat in Dunedin, New Zealand. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 32(2), 118-122. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00868.x
Journal - Research Article
Caradoc-Davies, K. M. B., Graves, S., O'Reilly, D. R., Evans, O. P., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Identificatioon and in vivo characterization of the Epiphyas postvittana Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ecdysteroid UDP-Glucosyltransferase. Virus Genes, 22(3), 255-264.
Journal - Research Article
Pringle, F. M., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Analysis of the capsid processing strategy of Thosea asigna virus using baculovirus expression of virus-like particles. Journal of General Virology, 82, 259-266.
Journal - Research Article
Maguire, T., Harrison, P., Hyink, O., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (2000). The inhibitors of apoptosis of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of General Virology, 81, 2803-2811.
Journal - Research Article
Sadler, A. J., Glare, T. R., Ward, V. K., & Kalmakoff, J. (2000). Physical and genetic map of the Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Journal of General Virology, 81, 1127-1133.
Journal - Research Article
Van Meer, M. M. M., Bonning, B. C., Ward, V. K., Vlak, J. M., & Hammock, B. D. (2000). Recombinant, catalytically inactive juvenile hormone esterase enhances efficacy of baculovirus insecticides. Biological Control, 19, 191-199.
Journal - Research Article
Pringle, F. M., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (1999). A novel capsid expression strategy for Thosea asigna virus, a member of the Tetraviridae. Journal of General Virology, 80, 1855-1863.
Journal - Research Article
Walsh, P. J., Glare, T. R., Nelson, T., Sadler, A. J., & Ward, V. K. (1999). Virulence of nucleopolyhedroviruses from Orgyia pseudotsugata and Orgyia leucostigma (Lep., Lymantriidae) for early instars of the white-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123, 375-379.
Journal - Research Article
Hyink, O., Graves, S., Fairburn, F. M., & Ward, V. K. (1998). Mapping and polyhedrin gene analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Journal of General Virology, 78, 2853-2862.
Journal - Research Article
Sadler, T. J., Ward, V. K., Glare, T. R., & Kalmakoff, J. (1998). Examination of New Zealand's endemic Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus by analysis of the viral polyhedrin gene. Archives of Virology, 143, 2273-2288.
Journal - Research Article
Bonning, B. C., Ward, V. K., Van Meer, M. M. M., Booth, T. F., & Hammock, B. D. (1997). Disruption of lysosomal targeting is associated with insecticidal potency of juvenile hormone esterase. PNAS, 94(12), 6007-6012.
Journal - Research Article
Kreissig, S. B., Ward, V. K., Hammock, B. D., & Choudary, P. V. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of the variable region of the heavy and light chains of a monoclonal IgG antibody reactive to herbicides, terbutryn and prometryn. DNA Sequence, 61, 51-54.
Journal - Research Article
Eruera, A.-R., McSweeney, A. M., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Protein nucleotidylylation in +ssRNA viruses. Viruses, 13, 1549. doi: 10.3390/v13081549
Journal - Research Other
Krause, K. L., Furneaux, R., Benjes, P., Brimble, M., Davidson, T., Denny, W., … Ussher, J. E., & Ward, V. (2020). The post-lockdown period should be used to acquire effective therapies for future resurgence in SARS-Cov-2 infections. New Zealand Medical Journal, 133(1513), 107-111. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Journal - Research Other
Donaldson, B., Lateef, Z., Walker, G. F., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2018). Virus-like particle vaccines: Immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Review of Vaccines, 17(9), 833-849. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552
Journal - Research Other