Mongrel Mob open up to Otago researchers for the good of their health
Wednesday, 29 August 2018 10:02am
Studying the liver health of a high-risk, hard-to-reach gang population certainly came with challenges and a few surprises, a University of Otago academic says.
Otago demonstrates its commitment to rural health with new ‘virtual campus’
Tuesday, 7 August 2018 11:32am
The University of Otago has reiterated its commitment to training and education in rural health with the establishment of a new Section of Rural Health, believed to be the first dedicated rural health unit currently operating within a New Zealand tertiary institution.
Otago researcher claims new study a step forward in fight to eliminate tuberculosis
Thursday, 2 August 2018 9:36am
The McAuley Professor of International Health at the University of Otago is labelling the findings of new international collaborative research a step forward in the fight to eliminate the world’s top infectious disease killer, tuberculosis.
Otago researcher secures funding for therapy to help prevent disorders in preterm babies
Wednesday, 1 August 2018 10:09am
A University of Otago researcher has received funding from the Neurological Foundation of New Zealand to investigate a new therapy which could potentially prevent disorders developing in children born prematurely.
Otago researchers signal time for Government action on reducing alcohol-related harm
Friday, 27 July 2018 9:40am
University of Otago experts in addiction medicine and the health effects of alcohol are questioning what the barriers are to Government action on reducing alcohol-related harm and calling for change.
Funding for Otago breast cancer research which aims to halt cancer spread
Wednesday, 25 July 2018 9:33am
A University of Otago researcher has been awarded $133,263 to investigate opportunities to halt the spread of cancer in women suffering breast cancer, thereby improving patient survival.
Otago research reveals alarming rise of obesity in New Zealand
Thursday, 5 July 2018 8:38am
The Body Mass Index (BMI) of New Zealanders is continuing to rise and on current trends, two million New Zealanders will be considered clinically obese by 2038 up from 1.1 million in 2015, new University of Otago research reveals.
DSM's palliative care education in the spotlight
Tuesday, 3 July 2018 2:48pm
Lis Latta
Otago scientists make breakthrough in childhood kidney cancer
Tuesday, 3 July 2018 7:44am
A world-first discovery by University of Otago scientists may change the way children suffering from a rare form of kidney cancer are treated.
Otago researchers’ discovery unlocks secrets behind cancer drug resistance
Friday, 29 June 2018 2:15pm
University of Otago research provides insights into an underlying mechanism that could explain why new cancer therapies to help treat metastatic melanoma do not always work on patients, paving the way for predicting which patients will benefit from certain drugs.
Otago researchers help find answers to growing typhoid problem in the Pacific
Tuesday, 26 June 2018 9:45am
University of Otago researchers have been key partners in a study which has found poor sanitation facilities appear to be a major source of Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, in Fiji.
Reduction in HIV diagnoses in New Zealand
Wednesday, 20 June 2018 10:03am
There has been a significant reduction in the number of people diagnosed with HIV in New Zealand over the past year.
$4.4 million awarded to DSM researchers in HRC funding
Monday, 18 June 2018 1:21pm
Dunedin School of Medicine warmly congratulates our outstanding researchers on their HRC funding success
Almost $19 million awarded to Otago researchers in Health Research Council funding
Monday, 18 June 2018 10:21am
A new study investigating for the first time the health of occupants of leaky homes in New Zealand is one of many University of Otago-led projects being funded this year by the Health Research Council to the tune of almost $19 million.
Unit to provide statistical support to staff, students
Tuesday, 5 June 2018 1:27pm
No statistical survey will ever be perfect, the director of the University of Otago’s biostatistics unit, Robin Turner, says.
However, health surveys carried out by Otago staff and students will hopefully be as close to perfect as they can thanks to the work of the biostatistics unit.
Father and son celebrate joint success
Friday, 1 June 2018 10:54am
Greymouth GP Greville Wood and his son shared their graduation ceremonies from Otago University last weekend
Researchers and clinicians honoured in Health Research Excellence Awards
Wednesday, 30 May 2018 8:03am
A novel idea by Dunedin Hospital clinicians to use naturalistic light to improve patients’ sleep quality, recovery and well-being received a $100,000 grant at this evening’s Health Research Excellence Awards.
Otago University-led Citizens’ Jury highlights complexity around euthanasia debate
Thursday, 24 May 2018 10:59am
A University of Otago-led Citizens’ Jury on euthanasia could not reach agreement about whether it should be legalised, highlighting complexities around the debate.
Pelvic pain a major issue for women nearing mid-life, Otago research reveals
Tuesday, 22 May 2018 10:12am
Many women nearing mid-life suffer some form of pelvic pain like period pain, or pain with sex however, pregnancy and childbirth appears to offer some protection, latest findings from the University of Otago's Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study reveal.
University of Otago welcomes selection of inner-city site for new Dunedin Hospital
Friday, 4 May 2018 1:30pm
The University of Otago is pleased Cabinet has approved an inner-city Dunedin location with close proximity to the University precinct on which to build the new Dunedin Hospital.
Prescribing guidelines not always followed for patients on cholesterol-lowering drug
Friday, 4 May 2018 10:40am
New Zealand prescribers do not always follow guidelines when prescribing other medicines to patients taking simvastatin, according to University of Otago researchers from the Pharmacoepidemiology Research Network.
Older, injured workers lose up to one-third of income, Otago research reveals
Tuesday, 1 May 2018 9:21am
Injuries impact on the financial well-being of older workers with substantial lost earnings of between 20 and 30 per cent of their work income, new University of Otago research reveals.
Importance of physical activity in preschoolers highlighted by Otago researcher
Wednesday, 28 March 2018 12:47pm
The journey to obesity can start as young as age one so increased physical activity should be established and encouraged early, University of Otago researchers say.
Otago researchers part of $18M project to reveal causes of fever in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
Friday, 9 March 2018 11:05am
Otago researchers are helping lead a major international project to determine what the main causes of fever in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are and how they should be treated.
Teachers suffer post-traumatic stress following ‘quakes – Otago research highlights
Thursday, 1 March 2018 2:56pm
School teachers were among the majority of frontline workers with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the Christchurch earthquakes, new University of Otago research shows.
Switching to vaping not always straightforward: Otago research
Thursday, 8 February 2018 2:48pm
Smokers attempting to quit the habit by vaping or using e-cigarettes do not always find the process plain sailing, according to new University of Otago research published in the international journal, Tobacco Control.
New University of Otago research on women involved in the ‘Unfortunate Experiment’
Thursday, 8 February 2018 10:38am
A final report on the unethical clinical study conducted by Dr Herbert Green at National Women’s Hospital in Auckland from the 1960s to the 1980s, known widely as the “Unfortunate Experiment”, has just been published in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
Otago research provides more incentives for desk-dwellers to get up and move
Wednesday, 7 February 2018 9:39am
Taking regular activity breaks while sitting for long periods does not increase your appetite, University of Otago academics have discovered.
First human trial of potentially game-changing diabetes treatment set to commence
Wednesday, 7 February 2018 2:17pm
University of Otago researchers are ready to take a significant step in the development of a new natural product that could potentially prevent diabetes.
Surgeons look to do the right thing by their patients
Friday, 2 February 2018 2:03pm
New Zealand surgeons are often prepared to treat an abnormality discovered during an elective surgical procedure in the absence of patient consent, especially if the patient’s health is threatened and the risk of the additional procedure is low.
Otago study links childhood fitness to healthy lungs in adulthood
Thursday, 1 February 2018 2:49pm
Fit children whose fitness improves during childhood and adolescence have better lung function as young adults, according to a University of Otago-led study.
Mind the gap – public and expert views on cancer risk
Tuesday, 23 January 2018 1:30pm
There are substantial gaps between expert recommendations and public knowledge about risk factors for cancer, though these gaps are closing for some cancer types, according to new University of Otago research.
Otago reveals concerning prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Southern New Zealand women
Monday, 22 January 2018 12:07pm
New Zealand women and their babies are at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency and current health guidelines fall short of curbing this detrimental trend, new University of Otago research shows.
Chronic lung disease treatment in New Zealand often not consistent with international guidelines
Tuesday, 19 December 2017 10:53am
University of Otago researchers have found that the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in New Zealand frequently does not conform to international guidelines.
Guidelines needed around searching for patient information on the internet
Tuesday, 19 December 2017 10:36am
Medical professionals have a range of tools at their disposal to care for patients. New University of Otago research delves into the ethical dilemma of adding the internet to their choices.
2017 Graduates' Oath Reading Ceremony
Tuesday, 12 December 2017 1:52pm
Otago Medical School graduates undertook their oath on 9 December 2017 as part of their graduation ceremonies.
Otago survey shows care needed at Christmas and social functions
Tuesday, 5 December 2017 10:39am
A University of Otago survey of 1000 employers and employees in New Zealand has found that many things can go wrong at work social events when alcohol is involved.
Otago research aims to fill gap in views on assisted dying
Wednesday, 8 November 2017 2:24pm
A researcher at the University of Otago is hoping to ascertain, for the first time, the collective views about assisted dying from people who are terminally ill and nearing the end of their lives.
Dean's Bequest recipients 2018
Tuesday, 31 October 2017 3:22pm
DSM warmly congratulates recipients of Dean's Bequest Round 2018
Otago health researchers gain career development awards
Tuesday, 31 October 2017 11:53am
Four up–and–coming University of Otago researchers have each been awarded around $500,000 from the Health Research Council (HRC) to pursue world-class projects aimed at improving New Zealander’s health and wellbeing and contributing to international progress in these areas.
Osteoarthritis no knees-up for many NZers – Otago research
Wednesday, 25 October 2017 4:14pm
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes adult New Zealanders to lose a total of 467,240 quality-adjusted years of life (QALY) across their lifetimes, new University of Otago research shows. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health.
Dunedin School of Medicine Teaching Awards 2017
Wednesday, 18 October 2017 2:07pm
Dunedin School of Medicine warmly congratulates recipients of the 2017 Teaching Awards
Shoddy sunbeds on the second-hand market in New Zealand: Otago findings
Wednesday, 4 October 2017 10:03am
New Zealand regulations around commercial sunbeds have been tightened in recent years, but they can be purchased on TradeMe where no regulations apply at all, according on to ongoing University of Otago research.
Canterbury quake damage increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Friday, 8 September 2017 3:32pm
A Healthier Lives National Science Challenge study using New Zealand linked datasets reveals the impact of residential housing damage from the 2010/11 Canterbury earthquakes on hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease.
Positive outlook for couples with fertility difficulties
Wednesday, 30 August 2017 11:01am
Young couples who fear they are infertile may just need more time rather than costly treatments, University of Otago research shows.
Legendary rural GP remembered at RNZCGP conference
Wednesday, 2 August 2017 9:45am
Dr Garry Nixon, Director of the Rural Postgraduate Programme awarded the coveted Eric Elder Memorial Medal
No evidence higher doses of cholesterol-lowering drug increase risk of acute kidney damage
Monday, 31 July 2017 3:37pm
New Zealanders taking a higher dose of simvastatin, one of the cholesterol-lowering statin drugs used to prevent heart attacks and strokes, do not appear to have a higher risk of acute kidney damage than those taking a lower dose, according to University of Otago researchers from the Pharmacoepidemiology Research Network.
Youth more likely to discourage than promote smoking among peers
Friday, 28 July 2017 12:18pm
Young people more often discourage smoking among their peers than encourage it, new University of Otago research suggests.
Modified baby-led weaning shows benefits for infants – Otago research
Tuesday, 11 July 2017 12:11pm
Babies who feed themselves as soon as they have started eating solids appear to be less fussy eaters, new University of Otago research has found.
Health Research Excellence Awards Recipients
Monday, 3 July 2017 10:29am
The Dunedin School of Medicine and Southern DHB warmly congratulate recipients of the Health Research Excellence Awards
Significant HRC funding boost for Dunedin School of Medicine
Monday, 19 June 2017 1:29pm
The Dunedin School of Medicine warmly congratulates researchers who have been awarded $4.25M in HRC funding.
Researchers funded to investigate possible adverse effect of a common lung disease treatment
Thursday, 15 June 2017 9:23am
The University of Otago’s Dr Lianne Parkin and colleagues will receive a Health Research Council grant to investigate whether particular drugs used to treat a common lung disease put people at greater risk of heart attacks.
Being overweight or obese in childhood closely linked to heart health risk in middle age: Otago research
Wednesday, 7 June 2017 8:47am
Being overweight or obese from as early as three years of age is associated with measures of cardiovascular risk in early midlife, according to new findings from the world-renowned Dunedin Study.
Experts call for urgent changes to tobacco sales
Friday, 2 June 2017 4:48pm
Dramatically changing the way tobacco is sold will be a crucial step in achieving the Government’s 2025 smokefree goal, according to new University of Otago research that examined the views of smokefree experts throughout New Zealand.
HIV diagnoses in New Zealand in 2016 highest ever
Wednesday, 31 May 2017 9:28am
Figures released today by the AIDS Epidemiology Group at the University of Otago show that in 2016, 244 people were diagnosed with HIV in New Zealand – the highest number ever diagnosed in any one year since monitoring of the epidemic began in 1985.
Chlamydia more common in New Zealand than thought
Tuesday, 30 May 2017 10:46am
One in three New Zealand women have had the sexually transmitted infection (STI) chlamydia by the age of 38 as have one in five men, based on estimates from a new study.
Off-label prescription of proton pump inhibitors to New Zealand infants is common
Thursday, 4 May 2017 12:09pm
Off-label use of proton pump inhibitors is common among New Zealand infants, according to new University of Otago research.
Injured Māori face higher rates of long-term disability
Tuesday, 4 April 2017 2:36pm
Māori experience considerable longer-term disability after injury, new University of Otago analysis of patient-reported and Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) data shows.
Major support for Otago health research provided through latest lottery grants
Thursday, 9 March 2017 1:57pm
University of Otago researchers have gained more than $2.6m in funding from the Lottery Grants Board to support studies aimed at improving the health status of New Zealanders.
Otago research suggests child obesity can be tackled by simple sleep interventions
Tuesday, 7 March 2017 12:34pm
Families who receive brief interventions about how to improve their children’s sleep have infants who are much less likely to be overweight, a University of Otago study has found.
Specific immune cells predict bowel cancer outcomes
Monday, 6 March 2017 12:37pm
A pilot study by University of Otago researchers suggests that people with colorectal cancer that have a certain type of immune cell in their tumour may have increased survival rates.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy test just once greatly reduces life–time risk of bowel cancer
Friday, 3 March 2017 3:14pm
A world expert in cancer screening based at the University of Otago says new evidence from the United Kingdom strongly supports the introduction of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for bowel cancer in New Zealand rather than the currently planned screening approach.
Otago researchers receive new joint pharmaceuticals research funding
Thursday, 2 March 2017 4:32pm
Researchers from University of Otago are among the first recipients of two new grants from PHARMAC and the Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC).
Young nation’s leader to discuss public health initiatives with his former University
Monday, 27 February 2017 4:44pm
The Timor-Leste Prime Minister, who is a University of Otago alumnus, will visit the campus this week to explore possible collaborative projects.
Study finds babies are relatively safe in Wahakura, woven flax bassinets
Monday, 9 January 2017 4:19pm
Infants sleeping in wahakura (flax bassinets) are relatively safe when compared with bassinets, a joint study between the University of Otago and Otago Polytechnic has found.
Epigenetic changes promoting cancer metastasis identified: Otago research
Wednesday, 21 December 2016 12:25pm
Latest University of Otago research is shedding new light on why and how cancer cells spread from primary tumours to other parts of the body. This phenomenon – known as metastasis – causes about 90 per cent of all cancer deaths.
Mystery of Southland's high bowel cancer rates may be solved
Wednesday, 21 December 2016 11:50am
Professor Brian Cox receives funding to investigate Southland's high rates of bowel cancer
Rachael Taylor promoted to full professor
Thursday, 15 December 2016 10:30am
The Dunedin School of Medicine warmly congratulates Rachael Taylor, the Department of Medicine's Deputy Head of Department, on her promotion to full professor
Boxing: what lies beneath
Monday, 12 December 2016 2:27pm
Dr Jane Millichamp from the Dunedin School of Medicine discusses the dangers of repeated injuries to the brain
Brian Cox: a cancer beater – and we're not using it
Friday, 9 December 2016 12:28pm
A 20-minute procedure called flexible sigmoidoscopy can reduce the subsequent risk of bowel cancer by 43 per cent.
Māori medical student graduates create history
Wednesday, 7 December 2016 10:56am
The largest number of Māori medical students in New Zealand’s history will graduate from the University of Otago on Saturday 10 December.
New Zealanders need high quality cancer information
Friday, 2 December 2016 3:24pm
There is considerable demand for cancer information resources in New Zealand, with a third of women and a quarter of men deliberately searching for these over the past year, according to a new University of Otago study.
NZ banning sunbeds will have little impact on jobs
Friday, 2 December 2016 3:18pm
Banning sunbed services in New Zealand would help reduce skin cancer rates and only have a minimal impact on businesses and jobs, new University of Otago research suggests.
Triple Marsden success for DSM researchers
Tuesday, 8 November 2016 12:15pm
Dunedin School of Medicine researchers have been awarded nearly $2.5 million in Marsden Fund grants.
Otago academic honoured by NZ AIDS Foundation
Monday, 7 November 2016 4:10pm
An Otago academic was one of five people to be recognised by the New Zealand AIDS Foundation (NZAF) during the weekend, receiving honorary Life Membership – the highest honour the organisation bestows.
Otago researchers probe HPV’s manipulation of immune system
Friday, 7 October 2016 9:55am
University of Otago researchers have gained fresh insights into how one of the main viruses that cause cervical cancer evades its hosts’ immune systems.
Disparities in insulin pump use by New Zealanders with type 1 diabetes: Otago research
Friday, 23 September 2016 11:32am
There are significant demographic and regional disparities in the use of insulin pumps in New Zealand, according to new University of Otago research.
Study reveals joint replacement surgery inequities
Friday, 23 September 2016 10:32am
The provision of publicly-funded hip and knee total joint replacement (TJR) procedures varies between District Health Boards (DHBs) and national rates have not increased since 2007, new University of Otago research has found.
Otago scientists win national medals
Friday, 9 September 2016 12:02pm
Two current and one former University of Otago staff members received medals at the New Zealand Association of Scientists Awards Night, which recognises outstanding contributions by members of the country's science community.
Vaccine complacency alert
Monday, 29 August 2016 11:11am
Despite major achievements arising from the past use of vaccines, including the eradication of smallpox, there is no room for complacency over the continuing need to vaccinate.
Study suggests NZ children’s family lives often complex and fluid
Monday, 29 August 2016 10:38am
Conventional notions of family life that underpin New Zealand’s social policies do not match the reality of many young New Zealanders’ lives, new University of Otago research suggests.
CVD-targeted screening for the 'silent killer' AAA
Friday, 26 August 2016 3:04pm
Targeted screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) based on patients' cardiovascular health shows promise for improving detection and treatment of this potentially deadly condition, new University of Otago research suggests.
Otago rugby team assisting with ground-breaking concussion research
Thursday, 25 August 2016 8:48am
The University of Otago is conducting ground-breaking research in to the forces exerted on heads of the Otago rugby players as they compete during the Mitre 10 Cup on Thursday, 25 August. The University researchers are testing whether neck strength is a crucial factor in preventing concussion in the sport.
Many pregnant NZ women are in the dark about healthy weight gain in pregnancy
Friday, 5 August 2016 4:34pm
A large proportion of pregnant New Zealand women are at higher risk of poor health outcomes because they don’t know how much weight they should be putting on during pregnancy, new University of Otago research suggests.
Monitoring for Congenital Zika Syndrome to start in New Zealand
Friday, 29 July 2016 9:25am
From August 2016, paediatricians are being asked to report all cases of infants and children less than six months of age with microcephaly or other brain abnormalities, whose mother, or her partner, has been in a country with active Zika virus transmission during (or just before) her pregnancy.
Otago global health researchers to tackle fevers in Asia
Monday, 11 July 2016 9:08am
A coalition of experts on tropical infectious diseases led by the University of Otago’s Professor John Crump, Co-Director of the Centre for International Health, has secured around NZD $450,000 to study causes of fever and how patients with fever are managed in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).
Otago health researchers honoured by HRC
Thursday, 9 June 2016 9:12am
A world-renowned New Zealand longitudinal study researcher; a molecular biology pioneer and mentor; and two talented up-and-coming researchers from the University of Otago have received Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC) awards for an outstanding contribution to health research excellence, leadership, and impact last evening.
Garry Nixon rewarded for Dunstan Hospital, rural health work
Monday, 6 June 2016 4:30pm
Dr Garry Nixon has been made a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to health in the Queen's Birthday Honours List
Māori health expert tops list
Monday, 6 June 2016 11:36am
Professor John Broughton has been made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for his services to Māori health, theatre, and the community in the Queen's Birthday Honours List.
High level of HIV diagnoses in New Zealand persists in 2015
Tuesday, 24 May 2016 9:23am
224 people were diagnosed with HIV in New Zealand in 2015 — a similarly high figure to last year — according to data released today by the AIDS Epidemiology Group based at the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine at the University of Otago.
Otago studies supported by Health Research Council
Wednesday, 11 May 2016 8:58pm
Health Research Council ‘Emerging Researcher First Grants’ have been won by two up-and-coming University of Otago, Christchurch researchers.
Sun protection poor for NZ secondary school students: Otago research
Thursday, 31 March 2016 9:25am
A University of Otago study that involved unobtrusively observing the sun-protective practices of students and staff at the sports days of 10 Dunedin secondary schools last summer has found them sorely lacking.
Medical centre in Michigan offers exercise program developed at Dunedin School of Medicine
Tuesday, 15 March 2016 10:42am
Thirty people improved their health and well-being this past year by participating in Otago, a simple, individually tailored, home-based exercise program to improve strength and balance that was offered by Cuyuna Regional Medical Centre (CRMC) in Crosby [Michigan].
Caution urged over planned introduction of new cervical screening test
Friday, 11 March 2016 9:10am
The Minister of Health’s announcement of the introduction within two years of a new test for cervical cancer to replace the current screening method poses a risk to “our well-established, high-quality” screening programme, say leading New Zealand experts and researchers in the New Zealand Medical Journal (NZMJ) this week.
Vaccine cuts rate of major disease in African children in half
Monday, 7 March 2016 12:20pm
A vaccine against pneumococcal disease, which is a major killer of children in Africa, has cut the disease rate by more than half, new research has found.
New Zealand children’s cycle safety scrutinised
Thursday, 25 February 2016 11:11am
A new University of Otago study of 8–12-year-old New Zealand children’s bicycle safety has found that many children aged under 11 are unable to safely complete a practical cycling skills assessment.
Sigmoidoscopy bowel-screening method urged for New Zealand
Friday, 19 February 2016 12:29pm
An effective national bowel screening programme involving a single test, a sigmoidoscopy, could be introduced in New Zealand within 12 months.
Otago and Queen’s University to collaborate on veterans’ health research
Thursday, 17 December 2015 12:20pm
The University of Otago is joining forces with Queen’s University in Canada to collaborate in research aimed at enhancing veterans’ health.
NZ Vietnam War vets’ health scrutinised
Thursday, 10 December 2015 12:08pm
New Zealand’s Vietnam War veterans are more likely to suffer chronic renal failure (CRF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than their non-serving peers, according to new University of Otago research.
Otago Pacific health researchers scoop HRC Career Development Awards
Tuesday, 8 December 2015 12:18pm
Twenty of the 36 budding Pacific health researchers funded in the Health Research Council’s (HRC) latest Pacific Career Development Awards programme are based at the University of Otago.
HRC Career Development Awards announced
Tuesday, 8 December 2015 12:22pm
A University of Otago brain cancer researcher has gained a prestigious Sir Charles Hercus fellowship in the Health Research Council’s (HRC) latest Career Development Awards.
New Healthier Lives Challenge takes aim at NZ’s major killers
Friday, 4 December 2015 11:31am
Innovative research aimed at significantly reducing the death and disease burden of some of New Zealand’s leading health problems will be pursued through the Healthier Lives National Science Challenge launched by the Hon Steven Joyce at Ōtākou Marae on the Otago Peninsula today.
Infertility a common problem for Otago-Southland women
Friday, 20 November 2015 10:23am
Infertility is common amongst women aged 25–50 years in the south of New Zealand and significant health resources go towards helping them become mothers, new University of Otago research suggests.
Zebrafish study sheds new light on human heart defects
Friday, 16 October 2015 9:38am
University of Otago researchers working with zebrafish have published a study providing new insights into the causes of the congenital heart defects associated with a rare developmental disorder.
Salmonella unmasked as major killer of young children in Africa
Thursday, 8 October 2015 5:01pm
Invasive Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa are a major cause of child illness and deaths, a new body of research into this usually overlooked infectious disease has revealed.
Otago researchers evaluate The Salvation Army’s Bridge Programme
Friday, 25 September 2015 12:34pm
A twelve-month University of Otago evaluation study of people being treated for alcohol and drug dependency at The Salvation Army Bridge Treatment Programme reports that client recovery outcomes match leading treatment programmes internationally.
Otago health researchers awarded prestigious fellowships
Thursday, 17 September 2015 9:43am
Two University of Otago health sciences researchers have gained prestigious Royal Society of New Zealand fellowships, it was announced today.
Otago study shows clear link to worse learning outcomes in child snorers
Monday, 7 September 2015 4:04pm
A comprehensive University of Otago-led study of data from 12 countries has found that children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), including snoring, are clearly associated with poorer academic performance.
HPV infection of placentas linked to pregnancy complications
Wednesday, 26 August 2015 10:24am
In a landmark study, University of Otago researchers have found that human papilloma virus (HPV) can infect the placenta and is linked to several pregnancy complications, including the potentially fatal disorder pre-eclampsia.
Alcohol and adverse sexual health outcomes tracked into late thirties
Thursday, 13 August 2015 1:37pm
Mixing alcohol and sex then regretting the consequences sounds like young people’s behaviour. However, a new study from the University of Otago shows that drinking alcohol before sex is still common as people approach middle age, and it still has an impact on their health and wellbeing.
Young social smokers more likely to become adult daily smokers
Thursday, 6 August 2015 1:59pm
Young people who have a cigarette occasionally—even just at weekends— have almost four times the odds of becoming a daily smoker by their late 30s compared to their non-smoking peers, according to new University of Otago research.
Time-discounts on restricted driver licences linked to later traffic offending
Tuesday, 4 August 2015 3:39pm
Young New Zealand drivers who gain a time discount on their restricted licences for taking a defensive driving course (DDC) are more likely to be caught committing traffic offences once they are fully licensed, according to new University of Otago research.
Study of tobacco company RRPs reveals tax increases applied unequally
Monday, 6 July 2015 2:37pm
New Zealand’s largest tobacco company is not keeping the recommended retail pricing for its leading budget brand in line with tobacco excise tax increases, according to a new University of Otago study.
Long-acting reversible contraceptives for adolescents advocated
Tuesday, 30 June 2015 2:38pm
Senior lecturers in bioethics, and obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Otago have called for a free, universal LARC (long-acting reversible contraceptive) programme to be made available to teens before they become sexually active.
NZ children still suffer rickets from lack of Vitamin D
Tuesday, 30 June 2015 9:14am
Vitamin D deficiency continues to cause rickets in young New Zealanders, new University of Otago research has found. The researchers say that their finding suggests that at-risk mothers and children should be better targeted for Vitamin D supplementation.
Smoking cannabis linked to respiratory problems: Otago research
Tuesday, 19 May 2015 2:27pm
People who smoke cannabis as little as once a week are more likely to suffer respiratory symptoms such as morning cough, bringing up phlegm, and wheezing, according to University of Otago research.
Endemic zoonoses in the tropics overlooked
Monday, 11 May 2015 5:25pm
Zoonoses - infectious diseases that can be passed between animals and humans - can have a substantial effect on both human and animal health, and yet the health burden due to these conditions in the tropics is often overlooked
Otago Professor elected to International Society of Nephrology
Thursday, 7 May 2015 1:49pm
Otago’s Professor Rob Walker hopes his new position on the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) Council will give him the opportunity to support programmes in the Pacific Islands where up to half of the population of some countries have kidney disease.
Rejecting Vitamin K at birth predicts child vaccination refusal
Thursday, 16 April 2015 10:54am
New Zealand parents who turn down vitamin K for their newborns are more than 14 times more likely to not get their children immunised, a new University of Otago study has found.
Otago scientist gains grant for innovative gout research
Monday, 13 April 2015 7:57am
A University of Otago pathology researcher has gained a Health Research Council Explorer Grant to identify new drug targets to combat gout, a severely painful and debilitating condition caused by high blood levels of uric acid.
Lecturer honoured at the New Zealand Rural General Practice Network annual conference
Friday, 27 March 2015 4:15pm
Dr Katharina Blattner, Senior Lecturer in the Dean's Department, Dunedin School of Medicine has been awarded the 2015 Peter Snow Memorial Award.
Edible gardens in New Zealand schools providing food for thought
Tuesday, 24 March 2015 8:50am
Edible gardens are taking off in New Zealand primary and secondary schools, presenting important new opportunities to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, new University of Otago research has found.
Rural patients in the South receive fewer CT scans
Monday, 9 March 2015 12:08pm
Rural patients in southern New Zealand are much less likely to receive computed tomography (CT) scans than their city-dwelling counterparts, according to University of Otago research that is the first to compare such scanning rates.
Otago receives grant to track true toll of neglected deadly disease
Friday, 6 March 2015 1:25pm
The University of Otago announced today that it has received around NZD$320,000 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to coordinate efforts in determining the disease burden of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella disease, which are major causes of child death in sub-Saharan Africa.
Waiting to start a family could be more problematic than thought: Otago study
Monday, 23 February 2015 9:16am
More than a quarter of women and a fifth of men experience fertility difficulties by their late thirties – figures which are considerably higher than traditionally reported, newly published information from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study shows.
Smokefree tertiary institutions point the way
Tuesday, 17 February 2015 10:39am
The progress public tertiary education institutions (TEIs) have made towards becoming completely smokefree should encourage other New Zealand workplaces and institutions to follow suit, new University of Otago research suggests.
Clinical research scholarship awarded
Thursday, 4 December 2014 2:24pm
Dr Anel Reyneke awarded the 2015 Dunedin School of Medicine Clinical Research Scholarship
Health issues highlighted in Child Poverty Monitor
Tuesday, 2 December 2014 8:28am
Although the just released second annual Child Poverty Monitor has revealed a small decrease in the number of New Zealand children living in income poverty, researchers involved in its preparation say there is still much to address in terms of health impacts.
Poor credit rating linked to poor cardiovascular health
Tuesday, 18 November 2014 10:00am
A credit score doesn’t only boil down a person’s entire financial history to a single number and somehow predict their credit-worthiness, it might also be saying something about a person’s health status, too, according to latest research out of the University of Otago.
Conference explores integrated ‘One Health’ approach to infectious diseases
Tuesday, 11 November 2014 2:58pm
Infectious diseases and other health concerns arising at the interface between people, animals, and the environment, are the focus of the 7th annual conference of the Otago International Health Research Network (OIHRN) that begins tomorrow.
Otago commentary in The Lancet warns saturated fat is still the enemy
Tuesday, 28 October 2014 2:18pm
A group of University of Otago researchers is warning that the promotion of low carb/high fat diets risks harming public health.
Prestigious Rutherford Fellowships won by Otago researchers
Wednesday, 1 October 2014 10:49am
Two talented early to mid-career scientists will return to the University of Otago after gaining highly sought-after Rutherford Discovery Fellowships, which are valued at up to $800,000 each over five years.
Cannabis smoking may increase risk of lung cancer
Friday, 19 September 2014 12:57pm
University of Otago researchers have contributed to evidence that cannabis smoking may increase the risk of lung cancer in heavy users.
TransTasman collaboration leads to new rotavirus vaccine
Thursday, 4 September 2014 11:15am
A new rotavirus vaccine that has the potential to save over half a million lives worldwide each year has reached a pivotal milestone after clinical trials results found the vaccine provided a strong immune response in over 90 per cent of babies that received a course of the vaccine.
Tobacco display bans protect youth and quitters: Otago research
Tuesday, 2 September 2014 12:39pm
Ending the display and promotion of cigarettes and tobacco in retail shops helps prevent young people taking up smoking and keeps quitters on track, according to new University of Otago research.
Hand sanitiser use doesn't prevent school absences
Monday, 18 August 2014 11:36am
A randomised controlled trial conducted by staff at the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine failed to show any effect of hand sanitiser use on school sick days.
Harkness Fellowship applications now open
Friday, 15 August 2014 9:38am
Promising mid-career professionals are invited to apply for an opportunity to spend up to 12 months in the United States as a Harkness Fellow in Health Care Policy and Practice.
Video learning tool wins award
Monday, 28 July 2014 12:17pm
An online video-based system that allows students and tutors to separately critique a patient interview won the second annual CALT awards held recently.
NZ schoolchildren not disadvantaged by part-time work: Otago research
Thursday, 24 July 2014 4:19pm
Schoolchildren who combine schoolwork with a part-time job do not appear to suffer from any long-term disadvantage, University of Otago research suggests.
UK primary care expert takes up Elaine Gurr Chair in General Practice
Tuesday, 15 July 2014 10:00am
A leading UK academic general practitioner, Professor Tim Stokes, has this month taken up the Elaine Gurr Chair of General Practice at the University of Otago’s Dunedin School of Medicine.
Prestigious award for rising Otago researchers
Friday, 4 July 2014 10:25am
University of Otago’s Carl Smith Medal and Rowheath Trust Award have been awarded this year to two early career researchers who have already made important international contributions to their disciplines.
Study analyses NZ newspapers’ coverage of tobacco control issues
Wednesday, 2 July 2014 9:16am
University of Otago researchers’ analysis of 12 months of coverage of tobacco-control issues in New Zealand newspapers has found that these media outlets use a positive tone when covering actions to reduce smoking.
Otago healthcare systems expert awarded UK visiting professorship
Friday, 27 June 2014 11:28am
Robin Gauld, Professor of Health Policy and director of the Centre for Health Systems at the University of Otago, has been named the 2014 NZ-UK Link Foundation Visiting Professor.
Otago researcher in top one percent most-cited in world
Friday, 20 June 2014 3:52pm
A University of Otago researcher, along with only three other New Zealand scientists, has been included in a new list of the top 1% most-cited researchers in science around the globe.
Reducing the alcohol minimum purchasing age increased assaults of young males
Thursday, 19 June 2014 8:46am
New research from the University of Otago shows that reducing the minimum alcohol purchasing age to 18 in December 1999, was associated with an increase in assaults of 15-19 year-old males in New Zealand.
Funding granted to study New Zealand’s new alcohol laws
Monday, 9 June 2014 2:15pm
Researchers from the University of Otago have been awarded $1.19 million by the Health Research Council (HRC) of New Zealand to study the effects of the country’s new alcohol legislation.
BMJ urged to widen its approach to transparency
Wednesday, 4 June 2014 5:00pm
A group of University of Otago health policy researchers, based in Dunedin and Christchurch, has called on the leading medical journal BMJ to be much more even handed in scrutinising the transparency of what it publishes.
Research raises questions about physiotherapy for hip osteoarthritis
Tuesday, 27 May 2014 12:38pm
A new study co-authored by a University of Otago researcher has found that combining several physiotherapy treatments does not produce greater improvements in pain or function than inactive ‘sham’ treatments among adults with hip osteoarthritis.
International research coalition secures major funding for ‘One Health’ approach tackling animal-human disease spread
Thursday, 22 May 2014 3:25pm
A coalition of researchers working in northern Tanzania, including leading University of Otago and Massey University experts, has been awarded three grants collectively worth around NZ$8.8 million to study zoonotic infectious diseases among poor livestock keepers.
Health Research Excellence Awards
Tuesday, 20 May 2014 2:16pm
Professor Barry Taylor of the Dunedin School of Medicine and Carole Heatly of the Southern District Health Board together with the Health Research South Board would like to congratulate recipients of the 2014 Health Research Excellence Awards.
Fluoridating water does not lower IQ: Otago research
Monday, 19 May 2014 2:10pm
New University of Otago research out of the world-renowned Dunedin Multidisciplinary Study does not support claims that fluoridating water adversely affects children’s mental development and adult IQ.
Serious muscle damage risk from widely used cholesterol lowering drug very low in general population: Otago research
Friday, 16 May 2014 3:25pm
New Zealanders taking a higher dose of simvastatin, one of the statin drugs used to prevent heart attacks and strokes, have a greater risk of rhabdomyolysis than people taking a lower dose according to new University of Otago research.
Innovative Otago health research gains funding
Monday, 12 May 2014 11:16am
Four University of Otago researchers have gained a total of around $550,000 to support their innovative studies in the latest funding announcement by the Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC).
Accurate height and weight measurement necessary to reduce risk for pregnant women
Friday, 11 April 2014 1:38pm
A study by the University of Otago shows there are inaccuracies being made in the documented height and weight of pregnant women at the time of their 12-week scan, which could change clinical risk assessments for women.
Postcard from the Gambia
Thursday, 10 April 2014 4:46pm
Working with children in the Gambia, Dr Uzochukwu Egere is doing what he loves: caring for children and easing “the intolerable burden of disease” around him.
Web-based alcohol intervention programme has limited effect on consumption
Wednesday, 26 March 2014 3:25pm
New research from the University of Otago shows that a web-based self-assessment and feedback programme for students who drink hazardously produced only a modest reduction in alcohol consumption.
Widely used heartburn and peptic ulcer medicines increase risk of rare kidney disease: Otago research
Monday, 24 March 2014 3:25pm
New Zealanders taking a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), a type of medicine used to treat gastric acid reflux disorders and peptic ulcer disease, are at an increased risk of a rare kidney disease, according to new findings by University of Otago researchers.
Otago’s collaboration with Myanmar university moves into TB research
Friday, 21 March 2014 3:24pm
An international partnership forged by the University of Otago and University of Medicine (1) in Myanmar (also known as Burma) in late 2012 is moving ahead in several directions, including research into the genetics of tuberculosis drug resistance.
Pathology staff shave for a cure
Tuesday, 18 March 2014 9:19am
Janine Neill and Justine Farquar today participated in the Leukaemia and Blood Cancer New Zealand's Shave for a Cure fundraiser.
Health researchers supported by lottery grants
Tuesday, 11 March 2014 4:47pm
Dunedin School of Medicine researchers have gained over NZ$500,000 in funding from the Lottery Grants Board to support studies aimed at improving the health status of New Zealanders.
A 'tsunami' of knee replacements predicted
Sunday, 9 March 2014 9:38am
New Zealand faces a "tsunami of knee replacements" in the coming years, placing even more pressure on health services, a Dunedin School of Medicine academic says.
Education and persuasion strategies fail to address alcohol problems
Thursday, 30 January 2014 8:46am
In an article published today in the Otago Daily Times, Professor Jennie Connor explains that education and persuasian strategies are popular but ineffective ways to address alcohol problems.
Department of Pathology academic wins Fulbright award
Monday, 27 January 2014 4:46pm
Fulbright New Zealand Scholar Award winner Dr Sarah Young is keen to make use of the travelling opportunity the award brings.
Quitting smoking unlikely to cause long-term weight gain: Otago research
Monday, 27 January 2014 11:46am
Smokers wanting to kick the habit needn’t be too worried about gaining a lot of weight after quitting, according to newly published University of Otago research.
One-off screening could slash NZ bowel cancer rates: Otago expert
Thursday, 23 January 2014 2:48pm
Introducing a highly effective one-off bowel cancer screening test could reduce rates of the deadly disease and alleviate the current over-supply of nursing graduates in New Zealand, according to a University of Otago researcher.
Triple theme research meeting jointly hosted by kidney, gut health, and arthritis research themes
Friday, 13 December 2013 3:35pm
Medical researchers involved in three different study areas joined forces at a University of Otago research meeting yesterday to explore new ways of tackling several important challenges, including treating gout and kidney disease.
New Zealand Child Poverty Monitor released
Monday, 9 December 2013 8:25am
Today’s release of the first annual monitor of child poverty puts a spotlight on the thousands of Kiwi children who are not getting the start to life they deserve.
Otago to honour distinguished graduate Sir Peter Gluckman
Wednesday, 4 December 2013 8:14am
The University of Otago will this weekend confer an honorary doctor of science degree on one of its most distinguished graduates, Professor Sir Peter Gluckman.
Otago research reveals tobacco’s toll on women’s placentas
Wednesday, 4 December 2013 10:06am
Smoking while pregnant causes severe DNA damage to cells in the placenta and significantly impairs its function, new University of Otago research suggests.
Master's and PhD scholarships for science and medical graduates
Friday, 22 November 2013 12:21pm
The Department of Medicine is offering multiple scholarships to science and medical graduates at master's, PhD, and registrar level.
Department of Pathology researcher elected as Royal Society Fellow
Thursday, 21 November 2013 3:43pm
Professor Antony Braithwaite is among the 13 leading New Zealand researchers and scholars who are newly elected as Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand.
Researchers walk the talk for diabetes control
Monday, 18 November 2013 9:41am
Dr Coppell, Professor Jim Mann and colleagues from the University’s Edgar National Centre for Diabetes and Obesity Research have found that by following a better diet, people with pre-diabetes are much less likely to go on to develop the disease, and people who already have diabetes will have better control of their disease, preventing the onset and progression of complications.
Department of General Practice and Rural Health celebrates 30 years
Wednesday, 13 November 2013 12:23pm
Thirty years may not seem much when put in the context of the nearly 150-year history of the University of Otago, but for the University’s General Practice and Rural Health department, the milestone was well worth commemorating.
Researchers call for dietary changes to prevent diabetes epidemic
Tuesday, 12 November 2013 1:22pm
University of Otago researchers say that helping people with pre-diabetes and diabetes to follow a healthier diet will significantly improve their blood sugar levels, and they are calling on smaller portion sizes to be offered at cafés and eateries to support this cause.
Research vital part of vaccination projects
Saturday, 9 November 2013 3:21pm
Professor Kim Mulholland says Western governments and other organisations that are supporting vaccination programmes in developing countries should also ensure some key related research is undertaken.
PhD student wins new writing competition
Friday, 8 November 2013 3:08pm
Sophia Cameron-Christie, of the Department of Women's and Children's Health, has won an inaugural writing competition run by the Otago Medical School Research Society.
Experts caution on dietary advice purporting to show fat is good
Thursday, 31 October 2013 1:24pm
The international media response to a BMJ opinion piece claiming to debunk the “myth” of saturated fat as a cause of coronary heart disease could undermine public confidence in lifestyle changes that have resulted in appreciable health benefits, say a group of experts in public health and nutrition representing a number of New Zealand health-related organisations.
Teaching Award winners announced
Monday, 21 October 2013 9:33am
Top medical teachers were recognised last week at the annual Dunedin School of Medicine Teaching Awards.
Otago-led research reveals gene ‘language’ critical in infant brain development
Monday, 14 October 2013 3:25pm
In what they’re calling a ‘biological surprise’, a team of expert international geneticists led by a University of Otago researcher have discovered a key piece of information about how the human brain is put together and how such a complex piece of wiring assembles itself in utero.
Research partnership to tackle sudden unexpected death in infants
Thursday, 3 October 2013 11:15am
A new Dunedin School of Medicine project aimed at reducing sudden unexpected death in infants has been funded by the Health Research Council.
75 years on—the future of the New Zealand health system
Monday, 23 September 2013 8:16am
What is the future of New Zealand health’s system, and how can it meet the needs of the public in the 21st century?
Internet may be tool to improve veterans' health
Tuesday, 10 September 2013 4:30pm
The internet could become a useful tool to improve the mental health and wellbeing of some New Zealand veterans after military service abroad, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine researcher Dr Shyamala Nada-Raja believes.
Leukaemia rates significantly higher in NZ Vietnam vets
Monday, 2 September 2013 11:27am
Vietnam veterans who served from 1962-1971 have double the rate of chronic lymphatic leukaemia compared to the general population according to a new study by the University of Otago’s Department of Preventive and Social Medicine.
Horrific war injuries spawn radical plastic surgery techniques
Thursday, 8 August 2013 3:25pm
Reconstructing Faces: The Art and Wartime Surgery of Gillies, Pickerill, McIndoe and Mowlem tells the story of the four pioneering surgeons involved in ground-breaking work in facial reconstruction during the two world wars.
Injuries for Māori result in considerable disability
Friday, 2 August 2013 3:25pm
Researchers at the University of Otago have found that many Māori are experiencing adverse outcomes three months after being injured.
Tougher laws no silver bullet for cyclist and pedestrian accidents
Wednesday, 31 July 2013 2:08pm
A leading University of Otago injury prevention researcher’s policy brief is casting doubt on increased penalties as the answer to reducing careless driving causing injury to vulnerable road users** (VRU) such as cyclists and pedestrians.
Osteoarthritis improved by extra physiotherapy programmes
Wednesday, 24 July 2013 3:25pm
Manual physiotherapy or regular exercise programmes make a significant difference for people with painful osteoarthritis in the knee and hip joints, and are cost-effective, new research from the University of Otago shows.
Best to be straightforward with parents of overweight and obese kids: Otago research
Monday, 22 July 2013 1:29pm
University of Otago research into how best to engage parents of overweight and obese children has found motivational interviewing (MI) offers no real advantages over usual care — that of simply giving feedback in a straightforward and non-judgemental way.
African fever patients commonly over-diagnosed with malaria
Friday, 19 July 2013 9:35am
People hospitalised with fever in Africa are most likely to be treated for malaria but, in some areas, nearly all of these patients are ill from a different infection, a new collaborative study led by a University of Otago researcher suggests.
Neurosurgeon studying brain's role in obesity
Monday, 15 July 2013 4:39pm
The Dunedin School of Medicine's Neurosurgery research unit is looking at differences in how the brain ''rewards'' eating, in the hope it leads to new weight-loss treatments for obese people.
Breast cancer leading cause of alcohol-attributable death in New Zealand women: Otago research
Monday, 15 July 2013 10:02am
Alcohol is responsible for more than one-in-twenty deaths of New Zealanders aged under 80, new University of Otago research suggests.
Study into fluoride and children
Tuesday, 9 July 2013 3:47pm
Dunedin School of Medicine child health researcher Professor Barry Taylor said yesterday he was organising a multidisciplinary team for a descriptive study using data from the B4 School Check, which checks the health and development of Kiwi 4-year-olds.
Otago teacher wins Prime Minister’s prize
Tuesday, 9 July 2013 12:13pm
Associate Professor Gordon Sanderson, an ophthalmologist from Otago’s School of Medicine, has been awarded the Prime Minister’s Supreme Award for Tertiary Teaching Excellence.
DSM professorial promotions
Monday, 8 July 2013 12:00am
The Dunedin School of Medicine warmly congratulates its newest professors
Rethinking the role of the modern doctor
Monday, 1 July 2013 4:58pm
University of Otago lecturers Hamish Wilson and Wayne Cunningham present a fresh approach to medical practice in their new book released this week.
Study reveals genetic testing's promise for predicting which children will grow out of asthma
Friday, 28 June 2013 11:36am
Genetic risk assessments could be used to predict which children with asthma are likely to grow out of the condition, and which will continue having symptoms as they grow older, new research emerging from the University of Otago’s world-renowned Dunedin Multidisciplinary Study suggests.
University of Otago Teaching Excellence Awards reward inspiring lecturers
Wednesday, 26 June 2013 3:46pm
Associate Professor Gordon Sanderson, of the Department of Medicine, is one of three University of Otago staff who have received Teaching Excellence Awards this year.
Researchers investigate Population Based Funding Formula (PBFF)
Wednesday, 26 June 2013 4:07pm
New Zealand is out of step with other countries in a lack of transparency about how some $9 billion of health funding is distributed each year, Centre for Health Systems researchers suggest.
New Dean for Dunedin School of Medicine
Monday, 24 June 2013 3:25pm
A distinguished researcher who has dedicated his career to improving the health and wellbeing of children in New Zealand and around the world has been appointed to the position of Dean at the Dunedin School of Medicine.
Otago Innovation Limited wins national commercialisation award
Friday, 21 June 2013 1:09am
The University of Otago’s commercialisation arm, Otago Innovation Limited, has won a national award for its commercialisation of the National Poison Centre’s database, TOXINZ.
