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Contact Details

Email
simon.hales@otago.ac.nz
Position
Research Professor
Department
Department of Public Health (Wellington)
Qualifications
MB BChir MPH (Otago) PhD
Research summary
Environmental epidemiology

Research

Simon is an environmental epidemiologist with an interest in the atmospheric environment and global issues. Simon's current projects include:
  • assessing health aspects of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change (NZ and Fiji)
  • estimating the global burden of disease attributable to climate change
  • empirical modelling of communicable disease in relation to climate
  • health co benefits of climate change mitigation
  • health impact assessment of air pollution exposure

Publications

Yu, W., Xu, R., Ye, T., Abramson, M. J., Morawska, L., Jalaludin, B., … Hales, S., … Guo, Y. (2024). Estimates of global mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2·5). Lancet Planetary Health, 8, e146-e155. doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00003-2

Huang, W., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Vogt, T., Armstrong, B., Yu, W., … Hales, S., Pourzand, F., … and MCC Collaborators. (2024). Tropical cyclone-specific mortality risks and the periods of concern: A multicountry time-series study. PLoS Medicine, 21(1), e1004341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004341

Royal, H., Mannetje, A., Hales, S., Douwes, J., Berry, M., & Chambers, T. (2024). Nitrate in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review of epidemiological evidence and proposed biological mechanisms. PLoS Water, 3(1), e0000214. doi: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000214

Prickett, M., Macmillan, A., Wilson, N., Shaw, C., Cleghorn, C., Baker, M., & Hales, S. (2023). The policy bonfire of environment protection: 10 examples that threaten public health. The Briefing, (15 December). Retrieved from https://www.phcc.org.nz/briefing/policy-bonfire-environment-protection-10-examples-threaten-public-health

Pourzand, F., Bolton, A., Salter, C., Hales, S., & Woodward, A. (2023). Health and climate change: Adaptation policy in Aotearoa New Zealand. Lancet Regional Health: Western Pacific. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100954

Analitis, A., Becker, P., Biggeri, A., Bouchama, A., De'Donato, F., D'Ippoliti, D., … Hales, S., … Wolf, T. (2009). Improving public health responses to extreme weather/heat-waves: EuroHEAT. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, 60p.

Authored Book - Research

Matthies, F., Bickler, G., Cardeñosa Marín, N., & Hales, S. (Eds.). (2008). Heat-Health action plans. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organisation, 45p.

Edited Book - Research

Howden-Chapman, P., Hales, S., Chapman, R., & Keskimäki, I. (Eds.). (2005). The impact of economic recession on youth suicide: A comparison of New Zealand and Finland. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health, 33p. Retrieved from http://www.moh.govt.nz

Edited Book - Research

Butler, C. D., Hales, S., Beggs, P. J., & Ebi, K. L. (2016). From Paris towards 1.5 degrees C. In C. D. Butler (Ed.), Climate change and global health. (Revised reprint ed.) (pp. 293-305). Wallingford, UK: CABI International.

Chapter in Book - Research

Bambrick, H., & Hales, S. (2014). Dengue: Distribution and transmission dynamics with climate change. In C. D. Butler (Ed.), Climate change and global health. (pp. 77-84). Abingdon, UK: CAB International.

Chapter in Book - Research

Hales, S., Lucas, R., & McMichael, A. J. (2011). Global environmental hazards. In B. S. Levy, D. H. Wegman, S. L. Baron & R. K. Sokas (Eds.), Occupational and environmental health: Recognizing and preventing disease and injury. (6th ed.) (pp. 98-118). New York: Oxford University Press.

Chapter in Book - Research

McMichael, A. J., Hales, S., & Lucas, R. M. (2006). Global environmental changes. In B. S. Levy, D. H. Wegman, S. L. Baron & R. K. Sokas (Eds.), Occupational and environmental health: Recognizing and preventing disease and injury. (5th ed.) (pp. 451-470). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Chapter in Book - Research

Blakely, T. A., Hales, S., Kieft, C. E., Wilson, N., & Woodward, A. (2004). Distribution of risk factors by poverty. In M. Ezzati, A. D. Lopez, A. Rodgers & C. J. L. Murray (Eds.), Comparative quantification of health risks: Volume 2: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. (pp. 1941-2127). Geneva: World Health Organization.

Chapter in Book - Research

Hales, S. E., Edwards, S. J., & Kovats, R. S. (2003). Impacts on health of climate extremes. In A. J. McMichael, D. H. Campbell-Lendrum, C. F. Corvalán, K. L. Ebi, A. Githeko, J. D. Scheraga & A. Woodward (Eds.), Climate change and human health - Risks and responses. (pp. 79-102). Geneva: World Health Organization.

Chapter in Book - Research

De Wet, N., & Hales, S. E. (2000). Human health. In T. Taeuea, I. Ubaitoi, N. De Wet & G. Kenny (Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Kiribati. (pp. 112-130). Hamilton: University of Waikato, IGCI, SPREP, PICCAP.

Chapter in Book - Research

Bambrick, H., & Hales, S. (2016). Dengue: Distribution and transmission dynamics with climate change. In Climate change and global health. (Revised reprint ed.) (pp. 77-84). Wallingford, UK: CABI International.

Chapter in Book - Other

Huang, W., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Vogt, T., Armstrong, B., Yu, W., … Hales, S., Pourzand, F., … and MCC Collaborators. (2024). Tropical cyclone-specific mortality risks and the periods of concern: A multicountry time-series study. PLoS Medicine, 21(1), e1004341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004341

Journal - Research Article

Yu, W., Xu, R., Ye, T., Abramson, M. J., Morawska, L., Jalaludin, B., … Hales, S., … Guo, Y. (2024). Estimates of global mortality burden associated with short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2·5). Lancet Planetary Health, 8, e146-e155. doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00003-2

Journal - Research Article

Ammar, S. E., McIntyre, M., Baker, M. G., & Hales, S. (2023). New Zealand travellers to high-risk destinations for arbovirus infection make little effort to avoid mosquito bites. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 53(2), 209-218. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2071951

Journal - Research Article

Graham, F. F., Kim, A. H. M., Baker, M. G., Fyfe, C., & Hales, S. (2023). Associations between meteorological factors, air pollution and Legionnaires' disease in New Zealand: Time series analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 296, 119572. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119572

Journal - Research Article

Grout, L., Chambers, T., Hales, S., Prickett, M., Baker, M. G., & Wilson, N. (2023). The potential human health hazard of nitrates in drinking water: A media discourse analysis in a high-income country. Environmental Health, 22, 9. doi: 10.1186/s12940-023-00960-5

Journal - Research Article

Huang, W., Li, S., Vogt, T., Xu, R., Tong, S., Molina, T., … Hales, S., … Guo, Y. (2023). Global short-term mortality risk and burden associated with tropical cyclones from 1980 to 2019: A multi-country time-series study. Lancet Planetary Health, 7(8). doi: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00143-2

Journal - Research Article

Pourzand, F., Bolton, A., Salter, C., Hales, S., & Woodward, A. (2023). Health and climate change: Adaptation policy in Aotearoa New Zealand. Lancet Regional Health: Western Pacific. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100954

Journal - Research Article

Prickett, M., Chambers, T., & Hales, S. (2023). When the first barrier fails: Public health and policy implications of nitrate contamination of a municipal drinking water source in Aotearoa New Zealand. Australasian Journal of Water Resources. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/13241583.2023.2272324

Journal - Research Article

Chambers, T., Joy, M., Wilson, N., Hales, S., & Baker, M. (2022). Quantifying the nitrate levels in bottled water in New Zealand. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 46(3), 322-324. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.13196

Journal - Research Article

Graham, F. F., Finn, N., White, P., Hales, S., & Baker, M. G. (2022). Global perspective of Legionella infection in community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 19, 1907. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031907

Journal - Research Article

Richards, J., Chambers, T., Hales, S., Joy, M., Radu, T., Woodward, A., Humphrey, A., Randal, E., & Baker, M. G. (2022). Nitrate contamination in drinking water and colorectal cancer: Exposure assessment and estimated health burden in New Zealand. Environmental Research, 204, 112322. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112322

Journal - Research Article

Ammar, S. E., McIntyre, M., Baker, M. G., & Hales, S. (2021). Imported arboviral infections in New Zealand, 2001 to 2017: A risk factor for local transmission. Travel Medicine & Infectious Disease, 41, 102047. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102047

Journal - Research Article

Chua, P. L. C., Huber, V., Ng, C. F. S., Seposo, X. T., Madaniyazi, L., Hales, S., Woodward, A., & Hashizume, M. (2021). Global projections of temperature-attributable mortality due to enteric infections: A modelling study. Lancet Planetary Health, 5, e436-e445. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00152-2

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., Atkinson, J., Metcalfe, J., Kuschel, G., & Woodward, A. (2021). Long term exposure to air pollution, mortality and morbidity in New Zealand: Cohort study. Science of the Total Environment, 801, 149660. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149660

Journal - Research Article

Ye, T., Guo, S., Xie, Y., Chen, Z., Abramson, M. J., Heyworth, J., Hales, S., … Li, S. (2021). Health and related economic benefits associated with reduction in air pollution during COVID-19 outbreak in 367 cities in China. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety, 222, 112481. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112481

Journal - Research Article

Graham, F. F., Hales, S., White, P. S., & Baker, M. G. (2020). Global seroprevalence of legionellosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 10, 7337. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63740-y

Journal - Research Article

Lai, H., Hales, S., Woodward, A., Walker, C., Marks, E., Pillai, A., … Morton, S. M. (2020). Effects of heavy rainfall on waterborne disease hospitalizations among young children in wet and dry areas of New Zealand. Environment International, 145, 106136. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106136

Journal - Research Article

Tuyet Hanh, T. T., Huong, L. T. T., Huong, N. T. L., Linh, T. N. Q., Quyen, N. H., Nhung, N. T. T., … Hales, S., … Van Minh, H. (2020). Vietnam Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, 2018. Environmental Health Insights, 14, 1-11. doi: 10.1177/1178630220924658

Journal - Research Article

Ammar, S. E., McIntyre, M., Swan, T., Kasper, J., Derraik, J. G. B., Baker, M. G., & Hales, S. (2019). Intercepted mosquitoes at New Zealand's ports of entry, 2001 to 2018: Current status and future concerns. Tropical Medicine & Infectious Disease, 4(3), 101. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030101

Journal - Research Article

Allan, P. D., Palmer, C., Chan, F., Lyons, R., Nicholson, O., Rose, M., Hales, S., & Baker, M. G. (2018). Food safety labelling of chicken to prevent campylobacteriosis: Consumer expectations and current practices. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 414. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5322-z

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Marshall, J., Benschop, J., Brock, A., Hales, S., Baker, M. G., & French, N. P. (2018). A Bayesian spatio-temporal framework to identify outbreaks and examine environmental and social risk factors for infectious diseases monitored by routine surveillance. Spatial & Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 25, 39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2017.10.004

Journal - Research Article

Schnitter, R., Verret, M., Berry, P., Fook, T. C. T., Hales, S., Lal, A., & Edwards, S. (2018). An assessment of climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation in Dominica. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 16(1), 70. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16010070

Journal - Research Article

Shaw, C., Hales, S., Edwards, R., Howden-Chapman, P., & Stanley, J. (2018). What can fuel price increases tell us about the air pollution health co-benefits of a carbon price? Journal of Transport & Health, 8, 81-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2017.11.002

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Hashizume, M., & Hales, S. (2017). Indian Ocean Dipole and cryptosporidiosis in Australia: Short-term and nonlinear associations. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(14), 8119-8127. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05146

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., Lesher-Trevino, A., Ford, N., Maher, D., Ramsey, A., & Tran, N. (2016). Reporting guidelines for implementation and operational research. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94, 58-64. doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.167585

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Dobbins, T., Bagheri, N., Baker, M. G., French, N. P., & Hales, S. (2016). Cryptosporidiosis risk in New Zealand children under 5 years old is greatest in areas with high dairy cattle densities. EcoHealth, 13(4), 652-660. doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1187-8

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Hales, S., Kirk, M., Baker, M. G., & French, N. P. (2016). Spatial and temporal variation in the association between temperature and salmonellosis in NZ. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(2), 165-169. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12413

Journal - Research Article

McIver, L., Kim, R., Woodward, A., Hales, S., Spickett, J., Katscherian, D., … Ebi, K. L. (2016). Health impacts of climate change in Pacific Island countries: A regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaption priorities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(11), 1707-1714. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509756

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., & Hales, S. (2015). Heterogeneity in hotspots: Spatio-temporal patterns in neglected parasitic diseases. Epidemiology & Infection, 143(03), 631-639. doi: 10.1017/s0950268814001101

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Lill, A. W. T., McIntyre, M., Hales, S., Baker, M. G., & French, N. P. (2015). Environmental change and enteric zoonoses in New Zealand: A systematic review of the evidence. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 39(1), 63-68. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12274

Journal - Research Article

Pega, F., Shaw, C., Rasanathan, K., Yablonski, J., Kawachi, I., & Hales, S. (2015). Climate change, cash transfers and health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93(8), 559-565. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.150037

Journal - Research Article

Telfar Barnard, L. F., Baker, M. G., Hales, S., & Howden-Chapman, P. (2015). Novel use of three administrative datasets to establish a cohort for environmental health research. BMC Public Health, 15, 246. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1580-1

Journal - Research Article

Bennett, H., Jones, R., Keating, G., Woodward, A., Hales, S., & Metcalfe, S. (2014). Health and equity impacts of climate change in Aotearoa-New Zealand, and health gains from climate action [Special article]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1406). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Journal - Research Article

Honda, Y., Kondo, M., McGregor, G., Kim, H., Guo, Y.-L., Hijioka, Y., … Hales, S., & Kovats, R. S. (2014). Heat-related mortality risk model for climate change impact projection. Environmental Health & Preventive Medicine, 19(1), 56-63. doi: 10.1007/s12199-013-0354-6

Journal - Research Article

Shaw, C., Hales, S., Howden-Chapman, P., & Edwards, R. (2014). Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation policies in the transport sector. Nature Climate Change, 4(6), 427-433. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2247

Journal - Research Article

Xiang, F., Lucas, R., Hales, S., & Neale, R. (2014). Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978-2012: Empirical relationships. JAMA Dermatology, 150(10), 1063-1071. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.762

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Baker, M. G., Hales, S., & French, N. P. (2013). Potential effects of global environmental changes on cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis transmission. Trends in Parasitology, 29(2), 83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.10.005

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Ikeda, T., French, N., Baker, M. G., & Hales, S. (2013). Climate variability, weather and enteric disease incidence in new Zealand: Time series analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83484. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083484

Journal - Research Article

O'Sullivan, K. C., Howden-Chapman, P. L., Fougere, G. M., Hales, S., & Stanley, J. (2013). Empowered? Examining self-disconnection in a postal survey of electricity prepayment meter consumers in New Zealand. Energy Policy, 52, 277-287. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.020

Journal - Research Article

O'Sullivan, K. C., Howden-Chapman, P. L., Stanley, J., & Hales, S. (2013). Kids in the cold: Outcomes for New Zealand households with children using prepayment metering for electricity. New Zealand Medical Journal, 126(1371). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Journal - Research Article

Åström, C., Rocklöv, J., Hales, S., Béguin, A., Louis, V., & Sauerborn, R. (2012). Potential distribution of Dengue fever under scenarios of climate change and economic development. EcoHealth, 9(4), 448-454. doi: 10.1007/s10393-012-0808-0

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., Blakely, T., & Woodward, A. (2012). Air pollution and mortality in New Zealand: Cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 66(5), 468-473. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.112490

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., Blakely, T., Foster, R. H., Baker, M. G., & Howden-Chapman, P. (2012). Seasonal patterns of mortality in relation to social factors. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 66, 379-384. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.111864

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Baker, M. G., French, N. P., Dufour, M., & Hales, S. (2012). The epidemiology of human salmonellosis in New Zealand, 1997-2008. Epidemiology & Infection, 140(9), 1685-1694. doi: 10.1017/s0950268811002470

Journal - Research Article

Lal, A., Hales, S., French, N., & Baker, M. G. (2012). Seasonality in human zoonotic enteric diseases: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e31883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031883

Journal - Research Article

Béguin, A., Hales, S., Rocklöv, J., Åström, C., Louis, V. R., & Sauerborn, R. (2011). The opposing effects of climate change and socio-economic development on the global distribution of malaria. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1209-1214. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.001

Journal - Research Article

Wilson, N., Slaney, D., Baker, M. G., Hales, S., & Britton, E. (2011). Climate change and infectious diseases in New Zealand: A brief review and tentative research agenda. Reviews on Environmental Health, 26(2), 93-99. doi: 10.1515/REVEH.2011.013

Journal - Research Article

Britton, E., Hales, S., Venugopal, K., & Baker, M. G. (2010). Positive association between ambient temperature and salmonellosis notifications in New Zealand, 1965-2006. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(2), 126-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00495.x

Journal - Research Article

Britton, E., Hales, S., Venugopal, K., & Baker, M. G. (2010). The impact of climate variability and change on cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis rates in New Zealand. Journal of Water & Health, 8(3), 561-571. doi: 10.2166/wh.2010.049

Journal - Research Article

Markandya, A., Armstrong, B. G., Hales, S., Chiabai, A., Criqui, P., Mima, S., … Wilkinson, P. (2009). Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: Low-carbon electricity generation. Lancet, 374(9706), 2006-2015. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61715-3

Journal - Research Article

McMichael, A. J., Neira, M., Bertollini, R., Campbell-Lendrum, D., & Hales, S. (2009). Climate change: A time of need and opportunity for the health sector. Lancet, 374(9707), 2123-2125. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62031-6

Journal - Research Article

Metcalfe, S., Woodward, A., Macmillan, A., Baker, M., Howden-Chapman, P., Lindsay, G., Hales, S., … Jaine, R., … Edwards, R., … for the New Zealand Climate and Health Group. (2009). Why New Zealand must rapidly halve its greenhouse gas emissions. New Zealand Medical Journal, 122(1304). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1304/3827/content.pdf

Journal - Research Article

Kingham, S., Fisher, G., Hales, S., Wilson, I., & Bartie, P. (2008). An empirical model for estimating census unit population exposure in areas lacking air quality monitoring. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 18(2), 200-210.

Journal - Research Article

Telfar Barnard, L. F., Baker, M. G., Hales, S., & Howden-Chapman, P. L. (2008). Excess winter morbidity and mortality: Do housing and socio-economic status have an effect? Reviews on Environmental Health, 23(3), 203-221.

Journal - Research Article

Cazelles, B., Chavez, M., de Magny, G. C., Guégan, J.-F., & Hales, S. (2007). Time-dependent spectral analysis of epidemiological time-series with wavelets. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 4(15), 625-636. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2007.0212

Journal - Research Article

Davie, G. S., Baker, M. G., Hales, S., & Carlin, J. B. (2007). Trends and determinants of excess winter mortality in New Zealand: 1980 to 2000. BMC Public Health, 7, 263. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-263

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., Baker, M., Howden-Chapman, P., Menne, B., Woodruff, R., & Woodward, A. (2007). Implications of global climate change for housing, human settlements and public health. Reviews on Environmental Health, 22(4), 295-302.

Journal - Research Article

Cazelles, B., & Hales, S. (2006). Infectious diseases, climate influences, and nonstationarity. PLoS Medicine, 3(8), 1212-1213.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., & Corvalan, C. (2006). Public health emergency on planet earth: Insights from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. EcoHealth, 3(3), 130-135.

Journal - Research Article

McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., & Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: Present and future risks. Lancet, 367(11), 859-869. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3

Journal - Research Article

Blakely, T., Hales, S., Kieft, C., Wilson, N., & Woodward, A. (2005). The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(2), 118-126.

Journal - Research Article

Cazelles, B., Chavez, M., McMichael, A. J., & Hales, S. E. (2005). Nonstationary influence of El Niño on the synchronous dengue epidemics in Thailand. PLoS Medicine, 2(4), e106. Retrieved from http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/2/4/pdf/10f

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., & van Panhuis, W. (2005). A new strategy for dengue control. Lancet, 365(9459), 551-552.

Journal - Research Article

Kovats, R. S., Edwards, S. J., Charron, D., Cowden, J., D'Souza, R. M., Ebi, K. L., … Hales, S., … Schmid, H. (2005). Climate variability and campylobacter infection: An international study. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49(4), 207-214.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. (2004). Precautionary health risk assessment: Case study of biological insecticides. EcoHealth, 1(4), 399-403. doi: 10.1007/s10393-004-0102-x

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S., Butler, C., Woodward, A., & Corvalan, C. (2004). Health aspects of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. EcoHealth, 1(2), 124-128. doi: 10.1007/s10393-004-0085-7

Journal - Research Article

Rodgers, A., Ezzati, M., Vander Hoorn, S., Lopez, A. D., Lin, R.-B., Murray, C. J. L., Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group, including Blakely, T., Hales, S., Kieft, C., & Wilson, N. (2004). Distribution of major health risks: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study. PLoS Medicine, 1(1), e27. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010027

Journal - Research Article

Ezzati, M., Vander Hoorn, S., Rodgers, A., Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Murray, C. J. L., and the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group, including Blakely, T., Hales, S., … Wilson, N., & Woodward, A. (2003). Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet, 362, 271-280. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13968-2

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., & Woodward, A. (2003). Climate change will increase demands on malaria control in Africa. Lancet, 362(9398), 1775.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Black, W., Skelly, W. C., Salmond, C. E., & Weinstein, P. (2003). Social deprivation and the public health risks of community drinking water supplies in New Zealand. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57, 581-583.

Journal - Research Article

Woodward, A., & Hales, S. E. (2003). Weather, climate, climate change and human health. Applied Environmental Science & Public Health, 1(1), 3-7.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., De Wet, N., Maindonald, J., & Woodward, A. (2002). The global distribution of dengue fever: Potential impact of population and climate changes. Lancet, 360, 830-834.

Journal - Research Article

Woodward, A. J., Hales, S., & Hill, S. E. (2002). The motor car and public health. Medical Journal of Australia, 177, 592-593.

Journal - Research Article

Woodward, A., Hales, S. E., & De Wet, N. (2002). What does climate change mean for human health? Pacific Ecologist, March, 15-18.

Journal - Research Article

De Wet, N., Ye, W., Hales, S. E., Warrick, R., Woodward, A., & Weinstein, P. (2001). Use of a computer model to identify potential hotspots for dengue fever in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 114, 420-422.

Journal - Research Article

Singh, R., Hales, S. E., De Wet, N., Raj, R., Hearnden, M. N., & Weinstein, P. (2001). The influence of climate variation and change on diarrheal disease in the Pacific Islands. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 155-159.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Kovats, S., & Woodward, A. (2000). What El Niño can tell us about human health and global climate change. Global Change & Human Health, 1(1), 66-77.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Salmond, C. E., Town, G. I., Kjellstrom, T., & Woodward, A. (2000). Daily mortality in relation to weather and air pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24, 89-91.

Journal - Research Article

Woodward, A., Hales, S. E., Litidamu, N., Phillips, D. P., & Martin, J. (2000). Protecting human health in a changing world: The role of social and economic development. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1148-1155.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Howden-Chapman, P. L., Salmond, C. E., Woodward, A., & Mackenbach, J. (1999). National infant mortality rates in relation to gross national product and distribution of income. Lancet, 354(9195), 2047.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Weinstein, P., & Woodward, A. (1999). Ciguatera fish poisoning, El Niño, and Pacific sea surface temperatures. Ecosystem Health, 5, 20-25.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Weinstein, P., Souares, Y., & Woodward, A. (1999). El Niño and the dynamics of vectorborne disease transmission. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 99-102.

Journal - Research Article

Maelzer, D. A., Hales, S. E., Weinstein, P., Zalucki, M., & Woodward, A. (1999). El Niño and arboviral disease prediction. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(10), 817-818.

Journal - Research Article

Salmond, C. E., Crampton, P., Hales, S. E., Lewis, S., & Pearce, N. E. (1999). Asthma prevalence and deprivation: a small area analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 53, 476-480.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Lewis, S., Slater, T. M. M., Crane, J., & Pearce, N. E. (1998). Prevalence of adult asthma symptoms in relation to climate in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 607-610.

Journal - Research Article

Woodward, A., Hales, S. E., & Weinstein, P. (1998). Climate change and human health in the Asia Pacific: who will be most vulnerable? Climate Research, 11, 31-38.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Weinstein, P., & Woodward, A. (1997). Public health impacts of global climate change. Reviews on Environmental Health, 12(3), 191-199.

Journal - Research Article

Lewis, S., Hales, S. E., Slater, T. M. M., Pearce, N. E., Crane, J., & Beasley, C. R. (1997). Geographical variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 110(1049), 286-289.

Journal - Research Article

Hales, S. E., Weinstein, P., & Woodward, A. (1996). Dengue fever epidemics in the South Pacific: driven by El Nino Southern Oscillation? Lancet, 348(9042), 1664-1665.

Journal - Research Article

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