Contact Details
- Phone
- 64 3 479 5781
- john.reynolds@otago.ac.nz
University Links
- Position
- Professor
- Department
- Department of Anatomy
- Qualifications
- MB ChB PhD(Otago)
- Research summary
- Brain drug delivery using focused ultrasound, learning and memory mechanisms, Parkinson's disease, brain cancers, stroke
- Teaching
- Medicine III - Nervous System Anatomy
- Anatomy Neuroscience papers NEUR202 and ANAT335
- Memberships
- International Basal Ganglia Society (Current president)
- Society for Neuroscience
- Australasian Neuroscience Society
- Clinical
- Parkinson's disease
- Glioblastoma
- Neuromodulation as used for tinnitus, stroke recovery, and impulse disorders
Research
John Reynolds’ research focuses on understanding the effect of natural patterns of brain cell activity on the normal and disordered brain. His training in medicine and interest in rehabilitation from brain disorders has led to curiosity-driven research investigating the changes that occur in normal brain circuitry after Parkinson’s disease and stroke. Towards a better treatment for these disorders, a recent focus for his research group has been on restoring patterns of neural firing and neurotransmitter activity using various drug delivery and neurostimulation techniques. He is also a passionate teacher, having gained national recognition in both teaching and research, including an Ako Aotearoa tertiary teaching award and an inaugural Rutherford Discovery Fellowship for his research programme.
Publications
Zhang, Y.-F., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2024). The integration of top-down and bottom-up inputs to the striatal cholinergic interneurons. Current Neuropharmacology, 22(9), 1566-1575. doi: 10.2174/1570159x22666231115151403 Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., Avvisati, R., Dodson, P. D., Fisher, S. D., Oswald, M. J., Wickens, J. R., & Zhang, Y.-F. (2022). Coincidence of cholinergic pauses, dopaminergic activation and depolarisation of spiny projection neurons drives synaptic plasticity in the striatum. Nature Communications, 13, 1296. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28950-0 Journal - Research Article
Zhang, Y.-F., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Cragg, S. J. (2018). Pauses in cholinergic interneuron activity are driven by excitatory input and delayed rectification, with dopamine modulation. Neuron, 98(5), 918-925. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.027 Journal - Research Article
Fisher, S. D., Robertson, P. B., Black, M. J., Redgrave, P., Sagar, M. A., Abraham, W. C., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2017). Reinforcement determines the timing dependence of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in vivo. Nature Communications, 8, 334. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00394-x Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., Hyland, B. I., & Wickens, J. (2001). A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning. Nature, 413, 67-70. Journal - Research Article
Banstola, A., Vautrelle, N., Bergin, D., Mohammad, Y., Gandhi, K., Rizwan, S., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2025). Characterising a new sheep model of Parkinson's disease using unilateral intracerebral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra. European Journal of Neuroscience, 61, e16668. doi: 10.1111/ejn.16668 Journal - Research Article
Singh, A., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2024). Therapeutic ultrasound: An innovative approach for targeting neurological disorders affecting the basal ganglia [Review]. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 18, 1469250. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1469250 Journal - Research Article
Vautrelle, N., Coizet, V., Leriche, M., Dahan, L., Schulz, J. M., Zhang, Y.-F., … Reynolds, J. N. J. (2023). Sensory reinforced corticostriatal plasticity. Current Neuropharmacology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.2174/1570159X21666230801110359 Journal - Research Article
Adhia, D. B., Mani, R., Reynolds, J. N. J., Hall, M., Vanneste, S., & De Ridder, D. (2023). High-definition transcranial infraslow pink-noise stimulation can influence functional and effective cortical connectivity in individuals with chronic low back pain: A pilot randomized placebo-controlled study. Neuromodulation, 26, 788-800. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.08.450 Journal - Research Article
Gandhi, K., Barzegar-Fallah, A., Banstola, A., Rizwan, S. B., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2022). Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption for drug delivery: A systematic review of protocols, efficacy, and safety outcomes from preclinical and clinical studies. Pharmaceutics, 14, 833. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040833 Journal - Research Article
Banstola, A., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2022). The sheep as a large animal model for the investigation and treatment of human disorders. Biology, 11, 1251. doi: 10.3390/biology11091251 Journal - Research Other
Barzegar-Fallah, A., Gandhi, K., Rizwan, S. B., Slatter, T. L., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2022). Harnessing ultrasound for targeting drug delivery to the brain and breaching the blood–brain tumour barrier. Pharmaceutics, 14(10), 2231. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102231 Journal - Research Other
Banstola, A., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2022). Mapping sheep to human brain: The need for a sheep brain atlas [Mini review]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 961413. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.961413 Journal - Research Other
Nakano, T., Rizwan, S. B., Myint, D. M. A., Gray, J., Mackay, S. M., Harris, P., Perk, C. G., Hyland, B. I., Empson, R., Tan, E. W., … Reynolds, J. N. J., & Wickens, J. R. (2022). An on-demand drug delivery system for control of epileptiform seizures. Pharmaceutics, 14, 468. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020468 Journal - Research Article
Adhia, D. B., Mani, R., Reynolds, J. N. J., Vanneste, S., & De Ridder, D. (2022). High-definition transcranial infraslow pink noise stimulation for chronic low back pain: protocol for a pilot, safety and feasibility randomised placebo-controlled trial. BMJ Open, 12, e056842. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056842 Journal - Research Other
Woolrych, A., Vautrelle, N., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Parr-Brownlie, L. C. (2021). Throwing open the doors of perception: The role of dopamine in visual processing. European Journal of Neuroscience, 54, 6135-6146. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15408 Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., Tan, E. W., Hyland, B. I., Jameson, G. N. L., Myint, M. M. A., Mackay, S. M., & Wickens, J. R. (2021). Acoustic driven drug delivery systems. (1,126,0126). United States. Intellectual Property
Boddington, L. J., Gray, J. P., Schulz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2020). Low-intensity contralesional electrical theta burst stimulation modulates ipsilesional excitability and enhances stroke recovery. Experimental Neurology, 323, 113071. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113071 Journal - Research Article
Mohammad, Y., Barzegar Fallah, A., Reynolds, J. N. J., Boyd, B. J., & Rizwan, S. B. (2020). Steric stabilisers govern the colloidal and chemical stability but not in vitro cellular toxicity of linoleoylethanolamide cubosomes. Colloids & Surfaces B, 192, 111063. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111063 Journal - Research Article
Mackay, S. M., Myint, D. M. A., Easingwood, R. A., Hegh, D. Y., Wickens, J. R., Hyland, B. I., Jameson, G. N. L., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Tan, E. W. (2019). Dynamic control of neurochemical release with ultrasonically-sensitive nanoshell-tethered liposomes. Communications Chemistry, 2, 122. doi: 10.1038/s42004-019-0226-0 Journal - Research Article
Stiles, L., Reynolds, J. N., Napper, R., Zheng, Y., & Smith, P. F. (2018). Single neuron activity and c-Fos expression in the rat striatum following electrical stimulation of the peripheral vestibular system. Physiological Reports, 6(13), e13791. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13791 Journal - Research Article
Mujoo, H., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Tucker, I. G. (2018). A real-time in vitro assay to evaluate the release of macromolecules from liposomes. Drug Testing & Analysis, 10(6), 1025-1032. doi: 10.1002/dta.2332 Journal - Research Article
Boddington, L. J., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2017). Targeting interhemispheric inhibition with neuromodulation to enhance stroke rehabilitation. Brain Stimulation, 10(2), 214-222. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.006 Journal - Research Article
McDonald, F. M., Reynolds, J. N. J., Bixley, A., & Spronken-Smith, R. (2017). Changes in approaches to learning over three years of university undergraduate study. Teaching & Learning Inquiry, 5(2), 65-79. doi: 10.20343/teachlearninqu.5.2.6 Journal - Research Article
Matheson, N. A., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2017). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). In J. Vonk & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of animal cognition and behavior. (pp. 1-4). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_445-1 Chapter in Book - Research
Redgrave, P., Vautrelle, N., Overton, P. G., & Reynolds, J. (2017). Phasic dopamine signaling in action selection and reinforcement learning. In H. Steiner & K. Y. Tseng (Eds.), Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function. (2nd ed.) (pp. 707-723). London, UK: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802206-1.00034-9 Chapter in Book - Research
Tang, A. D., Hong, I., Boddington, L. J., Garrett, A. R., Etherington, S., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Rodger, J. (2016). Low-intensity repetitive magnetic stimulation lowers action potential threshold and increases spike firing in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in vitro. Neuroscience, 335, 64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.030 Journal - Research Article
Smith, L. M., Parr-Brownlie, L. C., Duncan, E. J., Black, M. A., Gemmell, N. J., Dearden, P. K., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2016). Striatal mRNA expression patterns underlying peak dose L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rat. Neuroscience, 324, 238-251. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.012 Journal - Research Article
Bednark, J. G., Reynolds, J. N. J., Stafford, T., Redgrave, P., & Franz, E. A. (2016). Action experience and action discovery in medicated individuals with Parkinson's disease. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 427. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00427 Journal - Research Article
Matheson, N. A., Shemmell, J. B. H., De Ridder, D., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2016). Understanding the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neuronal circuits. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 10, 67. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00067 Journal - Research Article
Sykes, M., Matheson, N. A., Brownjohn, P. W., Tang, A. D., Rodger, J., Shemmell, J. B. H., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2016). Differences in motor evoked potentials induced in rats by transcranial magnetic stimulation under two separate anesthetics: Implications for plasticity studies. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 10, 80. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00080 Journal - Research Article
Wilson, M. T., Fung, P. K., Robinson, P. A., Shemmell, J., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2016). Calcium dependent plasticity applied to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with a neural field model. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 41(1), 107-125. doi: 10.1007/s10827-016-0607-7 Journal - Research Article
Mujoo, H., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Tucker, I. G. (2016). The influence of bile salts on the response of liposomes to ultrasound. Journal of Liposome Research, 26(2), 87-95. doi: 10.3109/08982104.2015.1019515 Journal - Research Article
Hinow, P., Radunskaya, A., Mackay, S. M., Reynolds, J. N. J., Schroeder, M., Tan, E. W., & Tucker, I. G. (2016). Signaled drug delivery and transport across the blood-brain barrier. Journal of Liposome Research, 26(3), 233-245. doi: 10.3109/08982104.2015.1102277 Journal - Research Article
Sizemore, R. J., Zhang, R., Lin, N., Goddard, L., Wastney, T., Parr-Brownlie, L. C., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Oorschot, D. E. (2016). Marked differences in the number and type of synapses innervating the somata and primary dendrites of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, striatal cholinergic interneurons and striatal spiny projection neurons in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 524(5), 1062-1080. doi: 10.1002/cne.23891 Journal - Research Article
Oswald, M. J., Schulz, J. M., Kelsch, W., Oorschot, D. E., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2015). Potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in striatal cholinergic interneurons. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9, 116. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00116 Journal - Research Article
Evans, M. C., Clark, V. W., Manning, P. J., De Ridder, D., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2015). Optimizing deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in a reward preference rat model. Neuromodulation, 18(7), 531-541. doi: 10.1111/ner.12339 Journal - Research Article
Parr-Brownlie, L. C., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2015). Basal ganglia. In K. Rogers (Ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica. (Online ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com Chapter in Book - Research
Fisher, S. D., Gray, J. P., Black, M. J., Davies, J. R., Bednark, J. G., Redgrave, P., Franz, E. A., Abraham, W. C., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2014). A behavioral task for investigating action discovery, selection and switching: Comparison between types of reinforcer. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 398. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00398 Journal - Research Article
Barry, M. D., Boddington, L. J., Igelström, K. M., Gray, J. P., Shemmell, J., Tseng, K. Y., Oorschot, D. E., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2014). Utility of intracerebral theta burst electrical stimulation to attenuate interhemispheric inhibition and to promote motor recovery after cortical injury in an animal model. Experimental Neurology, 261, 258-266. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.023 Journal - Research Article
Fisher, S. D., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2014). The intralaminar thalamus: An expressway linking visual stimuli to circuits determining agency and action selection. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 115. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00115 Journal - Research Article
Brownjohn, P. W., Reynolds, J. N. J., Matheson, N., Fox, J., & Shemmell, J. B. H. (2014). The effects of individualized theta burst stimulation on the excitability of the human motor system. Brain Stimulation, 7(2), 260-268. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.007 Journal - Research Article
Wilson, M. T., Goodwin, D. P., Brownjohn, P. W., Shemmell, J., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2014). Numerical modelling of plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 36(3), 499-514. doi: 10.1007/s10827-013-0485-1 Journal - Research Article
Nakano, T., Chin, C., Myint, D. M. A., Tan, E. W., Hale, P. J., Krishna M, B. M., Reynolds, J. N. J., … Dani, K. M. (2014). Mimicking subsecond neurotransmitter dynamics with femtosecond laser stimulated nanosystems. Scientific Reports, 4, 5398. doi: 10.1038/srep05398 Journal - Research Article
Clements, K. M., Devonshire, I. M., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Overton, P. G. (2014). Enhanced visual responses in the superior colliculus in an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their suppression by D-amphetamine. Neuroscience, 274, 289-298. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.054 Journal - Research Article
Nakano, T., Chin, C., Myint, D. M. A., Tan, E. W., Hale, P. J., Reynolds, J. N. J., Wickens, J., & Dani, K. M. (2014). Femtosecond laser stimulated nanosystems for neuroscience applications. Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO): Applications and Technology: Symposium on Novel Light Sources and Photonic Devices in Optical Imaging I. Optical Society. doi: 10.1364/CLEO_AT.2014.ATu2P.6 Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper
Schulz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2013). Pause and rebound: Sensory control of cholinergic signaling in the striatum. Trends in Neurosciences, 36(1), 41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.09.006 Journal - Research Article
Bednark, J. G., Reynolds, J. N. J., Stafford, T., Redgrave, P., & Franz, E. A. (2013). Creating a movement heuristic for voluntary action: Electrophysiological correlates of movement-outcome learning. Cortex, 49(3), 771-780. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.12.005 Journal - Research Article
Oorschot, D. E., Lin, N., Cooper, B. H., Reynolds, J. N. J., Sun, H., & Wickens, J. R. (2013). Synaptic connectivity between rat striatal spiny projection neurons in vivo: Unexpected multiple somatic innervation in the context of overall sparse proximal connectivity. Basal Ganglia, 3, 93-108. doi: 10.1016/j.baga.2013.04.001 Journal - Research Article
Clements, K. M., Smith, L. M., Reynolds, J. N. J., Overton, P. G., Thomas, J. D., & Napper, R. M. (2012). Early postnatal ethanol exposure: Glutamatergic excitotoxic cell death during acute withdrawal. Neurophysiology, 44(5), 376-386. doi: 10.1007/s11062-012-9308-7 Journal - Research Article
Schulz, J. M., Oswald, M. J., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2011). Visual-induced excitation leads to firing pauses in striatal cholinergic interneurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(31), 11133-11143. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0661-11.2011 Journal - Research Article
Schulz, J. M., Pitcher, T. L., Savanthrapadian, S., Wickens, J. R., Oswald, M. J., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2011). Enhanced high-frequency membrane potential fluctuations control spike output in striatal fast-spiking interneurones in vivo. Journal of Physiology, 589(17), 4365-4381. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.212944 Journal - Research Article
Redgrave, P., Vautrelle, N., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2011). Functional properties of the basal ganglia'sre-entrant loop architecture: Selection and reinforcement. Neuroscience, 198, 138-151. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.060 Journal - Research Article
Goldberg, J. A., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2011). Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum [Review]. Neuroscience, 198, 27-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.067 Journal - Research Article
Schulz, J. M., Redgrave, P., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2010). Cortico-striatal spike-timing dependent plasticity after activation of subcortical pathways. Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience, 2, 23. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2010.00023 Journal - Research Article
Redgrave, P., Coizet, V., & Reynolds, J. (2010). Phasic dopamine signaling and basal ganglia function. In H. Steiner & K. Y. Tseng (Eds.), Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function. (pp. 549-559). London: Academic Press. Chapter in Book - Research
Connelly, W. M., Schulz, J. M., Lees, G., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2010). Differential short-term plasticity at convergent inhibitory synapses to the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(44), 14854-14861. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3895-10.2010 Journal - Research Article
Sizemore, R. J., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Oorschot, D. E. (2010). Number and type of synapses on the distal dendrite of a rat striatal cholinergic interneuron: A quantitative, ultrastructural study. Journal of Anatomy, 217, 223-235. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01264.x Journal - Research Article
Wilson, M. T., Barry, M., Reynolds, J. N. J., Crump, W. P., Steyn-Ross, D. A., Steyn-Ross, M. L., & Sleigh, J. W. (2010). An analysis of the transitions between down and up states of the cortical slow oscillation under urethane anaesthesia. Journal of Biological Physics, 36(3), 245-259. doi: 10.1007/s10867-009-9180-x Journal - Research Article
Walker, R., Spronken-Smith, R., Bond, C., McDonald, F., Reynolds, J., & McMartin, A. (2010). The impact of curriculum change on health sciences first year students' approaches to learning. Instructional Science, 38(6), 707-722. doi: 10.1007/s11251-009-9092-y Journal - Research Article
Schulz, J. M., Redgrave, P., Mehring, C., Aertsen, A., Clements, K. M., Wickens, J. R., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2009). Short-latency activation of striatal spiny neurons via subcortical visual pathways. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(19), 6336-6347. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.4815-08.2009 Journal - Research Article
Oswald, M. J., Oorschot, D. E., Schulz, J. M., Lipski, J., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2009). IH current generates the afterhyperpolarisation following activation of subthreshold cortical synaptic inputs to striatal cholinergic interneurons. Journal of Physiology, 587(24), 5879-5897. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.177600 Journal - Research Article
Redgrave, P., Gurney, K., & Reynolds, J. (2008). What is reinforced by phasic dopamine signals? Brain Research Reviews, 58(2), 322-339. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.007 Journal - Research Article
Wilson, M. T., Barry, M., Reynolds, J. N. J., Hutchison, E. J. W., & Steyn-Ross, D. A. (2008). Characteristics of temporal fluctuations in the hyperpolarized state of the cortical slow oscillation. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 77, 061908. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.061908 Journal - Research Article
Pitcher, T. L., Wickens, J. R., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2007). Differences in striatal spiny neuron action potentials between the spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rat strains. Neuroscience, 146, 135-142. Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., Hyland, B. I., & Wickens, J. R. (2004). Modulation of an afterhyperpolarization by the substantia nigra induces pauses in the tonic firing of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(44), 9870-9877. Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., & Wickens, J. R. (2004). The corticostriatal input to giant aspiny interneurons in the rat: A candidate pathway for synchronising the response to reward-related cues. Brain Research, 1011, 115-128. Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., & Wickens, J. (2003). A state-dependent trigger for electrophysiological recording at predetermined membrane potentials. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 131, 111-119. Journal - Research Article
Wickens, J., Reynolds, J. N. J., & Hyland, B. I. (2003). Neural mechanisms of reward-related motor learning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13, 685-690. Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., & Wickens, J. (2002). Dopamine-dependent plasticity of corticostriatal synapses. Neural Networks, 15(4-6), 507-521. doi: 10.1016/S0893-6080(02)00045-X Journal - Research Article
Hyland, B. I., Reynolds, J. N. J., Hay, J., Perk, C. G., & Miller, R. (2002). Firing modes of midbrain dopamine cells in the freely moving rat. Neuroscience, 114(2), 475-492. Journal - Research Article
Reynolds, J. N. J., & Wickens, J. (2002). Self-stimulation and synaptic plasticity. A novel approach to reward-related learning. In L. Nicholson & R. L. M. Faull (Eds.), The Basal Ganglia VII. (pp. 299-312). USA: Plenum Press. Chapter in Book - Research
Reynolds, J. N. J., & Wickens, J. (2000). Substantia nigra dopamine regulates synaptic plasticity and membrane potential fluctuations in the rat neostriatum, in vivo. Neuroscience, 99(2), 199-203. Journal - Research Article