Associate Professor Lara Friedlander

Contact Details

Phone: 64 3 479 7126
Email: lara.friedlander@otago.ac.nz

University Links

Position

Associate Professor, Associate Dean Undergraduate, and Discipline Head for Endodontics

Department

Dean's Office (Dentistry)

Qualifications

BDS MDS PhD(Otago) FRACDS FICD FPFA

Research summary

Endodontics, immunopathology, pulp biology, practice-based research, dental education

Teaching

2024 Recipient of a University of Otago Teaching Excellence Award
Associate Dean (Undergraduate) – Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Bachelor of Oral Health, Bachelor of Dental Technology
Head of Discipline Endodontics
Lead Postgraduate - Clinical Doctorate in Endodontics (DClinDent(Endodontics))

Clinical

Associate Professor Friedlander is a registered and practicing specialist endodontist with particular interests in dental trauma, vital pulp treatment, and systemic disease.

Research

Associate Professor Lara Friedlander’s research is in the areas of pulp biology and systemic disease, clinical endodontics and practice-based research; and dental education. She is deputy director of the Molecular and Immunopathology Research Group of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute.

Associate Professor Friedlander has supervised multiple undergraduate, Clinical Doctorate and PhD students for research. She has been awarded substantial competitive grant funding associated with these and in 2018 she was the recipient of a Faculty Award for outstanding postgraduate supervision. Associate Professor Friedlander is actively involved as an international reviewer for a large number of peer reviewed journals and research funding applications.

With ongoing national and international collaborations and continuous external research funding support, Associate Professor Friedlander continues to produce research outputs in the areas of pulp biology, clinical endodontics and dental education and has had multiple international invitations to present her research and share practice in these areas.

Associate Professor Friedlander enjoys engaging with clinicians in practice-based research and this has led to the development of a National Clinical guideline to assist dentists in management of patients with deep caries. She is a member of the New Zealand Dental Research Foundation Board, the New Zealand Ministry of Health Oral Health Research Fund and Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons Research Panel.

Additional details

Chief Examiner for Final examination for Fellowship with the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons

Publications

Hwang, K.-C., Choi, J. J. E., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2025). Effect of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on the physical and mechanical properties of dentine: A systematic review. Clinical Oral Investigations, 29, 55. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06151-5 Journal - Research Other

Patel, S., Yang, E., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2024). Angiogenic effects of type 2 diabetes on the dental pulp. International Endodontic Journal. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/iej.14181 Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Hamadani, P., Chandler, N. P., & Daniel, B. K. (2024). Dentists' perceptions of providing care to community-dwelling older people. Gerodontology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/ger.12795 Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Sullivan, L., Chandler, N. P., & Daniel, B. K. (2024). Demystifying root canal treatment: The power of patient education and health literacy. New Zealand Dental Journal, 120(2), 64-74. Journal - Research Article

Gould, M. L., Downes, N. J., Woolley, A. G., Hussaini, H. M., Ratnayake, J. T., Ali, M. A., Friedlander, L. T., & Cooper, P. R. (2024). Harnessing the regenerative potential of purified bovine dental pulp and dentin extracellular matrices in a chitosan/alginate hydrogel. Macromolecular Bioscience. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/mabi.202400254 Journal - Research Article

2025

Journal - Research Other

2024

Chapter in Book - Research

Lundy, F. T., Friedlander, L. T., & Cooper, P. R. (2024). Biological basis for vital pulp treatment. In H. F. Duncan & I. A. El-Karim (Eds.), Vital pulp treatment. (pp. 20-46). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781119930419.ch2

Journal - Research Article

2023

Chapter in Book - Research

Arora, S., Seo, B., Friedlander, L., & Hussaini, H. M. (2023). A cell culture method for the isolation and study of primary human dental pulp cells. In G. J. Seymour, M. P. Cullinan, N. C. K. Heng & P. R. Cooper (Eds.), Oral biology: Molecular techniques and applications: Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 2588). (3rd ed.) (pp. 393-405). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_22

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Wallace, W. D. A., Broadbent, J. M., Hanlin, S. M., Lyons, K. M., Cannon, R. D., & Cooper, P. R. (2023). Preparedness and competency of New Zealand graduates for general dental practice: Perceptions from the workforce. Australian Dental Journal. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/adj.12981

Alsamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023). Effects of glycation end-products on the dental pulp in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Endodontic Journal, 56, 1373-1384. doi: 10.1111/iej.13966

Friedlander, L., Hunt, G., Chandler, N., & Daniel, B. (2023). Students' experience and perceptions of undergraduate endodontic education in New Zealand. Australian Endodontic Journal. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/aej.12770

Journal - Research Other

Dohan, Z., Friedlander, L. T., Cooper, P. R., Li, K.-C., Ratnayake, J. T., & Mei, M. L. (2023). In vitro models used in the formation of root caries lesions: A review of the literature. Dentistry Journal, 11, 269. doi: 10.3390/dj11120269

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Patel, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023, July). Hyperglycaemia and the dental pulp: So what about angiogenesis? Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Chao, H. C., Milne, T. J., Cathro, P., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023, July). Hyperglycaemia promotes mineralisation of human dental pulp cells: An exploratory in vitro study. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2022

Journal - Research Article

Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Friedlander, L. T., Seo, B., Rizwan, S. B., Rich, A. M., & Hussaini, H. M. (2022). Potentiality and inflammatory marker expression are maintained in dental pulp cell cultures from carious teeth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), 9425. doi: 10.3390/ijms23169425

AlSamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2022). Type 2 diabetes and the clinically normal pulp: An in-vitro study. International Endodontic Journal, 55, 660-671. doi: 10.1111/iej.13732

Journal - Research Other

Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Ratnayake, J. T., Friedlander, L. T., Rizwan, S. B., Seo, B., & Hussaini, H. M. (2022). A critical review of in vitro research methodologies used to study mineralization in human dental pulp cell cultures. International Endodontic Journal, 55(Suppl. 1), 3-13. doi: 10.1111/iej.13684

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Arora, S., Cooper, P., Friedlander, L., Rizwan, S., Seo, B., Rich, A., & Hussaini, H. (2022). Evaluation of IL-23 inhibitor as a pulp immunomodulating agent: An in vitro and in vivo study. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(4), (pp. 167). [Abstract]

2021

Journal - Research Article

Chutipongpisit, K., Parachuru, V. P., Friedlander, L. T., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2021). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence expression profile of lymphatic endothelial cell markers in oral cancer. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 102, 268-278. doi: 10.1111/iep.12411

Journal - Research Other

Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Friedlander, L. T., Rizwan, S., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Hussaini, H. M. (2021). Potential application of immunotherapy for modulation of pulp inflammation: Opportunities for vital pulp treatment. International Endodontic Journal, 54, 1263-1274. doi: 10.1111/iej.13524

Sadr, A., Rossi-Fedele, G., Love, R. M., George, R., Parashos, P., Wu, M. C.-Y., Friedlander, L., … Abbott, P. V. (2021). Revised guidelines for the endodontic education of dentistry students in Australia and New Zealand (FEBRUARY 2021). Australian Endodontic Journal, 47, 327-331. doi: 10.1111/aej.12501

2020

Journal - Research Other

Rossi-Fedele, G., Damiani, F., Love, R. M., George, R., Parashos, P., Wu, M. C.-Y., Friedlander, L., … Abbott, P. V. (2020). Revised guidelines for educational requirements for specialisation in endodontics in Australia and New Zealand (July 2020). Australian Endodontic Journal, 46, 302-306. doi: 10.1111/aej.12431

Coates, D. E., Alansary, M., Friedlander, L., Zanicotti, D. G., & Duncan, W. J. (2020). Dental pulp stem cells in serum-free medium for regenerative medicine. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 50(1), 80-90. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1673447

2019

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Meldrum, A. M., & Lyons, K. (2019). Curriculum development in final year dentistry to enhance competency and professionalism for contemporary general dental practice. European Journal of Dental Education, 23, 489-506. doi: 10.1111/eje.12458

Al-Hassiny, A., Hussani, H., Milne, T., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2019). Vascularity and angiogenic signaling in the dentine-pulp complex of immature and mature permanent teeth. European Endodontic Journal, 4(2), 80-85. doi: 10.14744/eej.2019.26349

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

AlSamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2019). The influences of Type 2 diabetes on clinically normal dental pulp tissues. International Endodontic Journal, 52(Suppl. 1), (pp. 39). doi: 10.1111/iej.13172

2018

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Coates, D., Seymour, G., Cullinan, M., & Rich, A. M. (2018). Vascularity and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in the dentine–pulp complex of immature and mature permanent teeth. European Endodontic Journal, 3(3), 153-159. doi: 10.14744/eej.2018.07269

Russell, A. A., Chandler, N. P., & Friedlander, L. T. (2018). Crack formation following root-end preparation in roots with the butterfly effect. European Endodontic Journal, 3(2), 107-112. doi: 10.14744/eej.2018.47965

Al-Hassiny, A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, V. P. B., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2018). Upregulation of angiogenesis in oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 47(2), 173-178. doi: 10.1111/jop.12665

Russell, A., Friedlander, L., & Chandler, N. (2018). Sealer penetration and adaptation in root canals with the butterfly effect. Australian Endodontic Journal, 44(3), 225-234. doi: 10.1111/aej.12238

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Al Samahi, S., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Rich, A., & Friedlander, L. (2018). Increased expression of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in normal dental pulp of Type 2 diabetics. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 187). [Abstract]

2017

Journal - Research Article

Russell, A. A., Chandler, N. P., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). Vertical root fractures in root canal-treated teeth. ENDO, 11(3), 173-182.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Chandler, N., Russell, A., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). The butterfly effect: An investigation of sealer penetration and adaptation in root canals. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. B), 2810184. [Abstract]

Russell, A. A., Chandler, N. P., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). Crack formation following root-end preparations in roots with the butterfly effect. International Endodontic Journal, 50(Suppl. 1), (pp. 38-39). doi: 10.1111/iej.12813

Navani, H. A., Hussaini, H. M., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). Angiopoietins and Tie2 receptor expression in immature permanent teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 50(Suppl. 1), (pp. 53). doi: 10.1111/iej.12813

Russell, A. A., Chandler, N. P., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). The butterfly effect: An investigation of sealer penetration an adaptation in root canals. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 60). [Abstract]

Navani, H., Hussaini, H. M., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). Angiogenic growth factor expression in the apical papilla of immature permanent teeth. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 53). [Abstract]

2016

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Chutipongpisit, K., Parachuru, V. P., Hussaini, H. M., Friedlander, L. T., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Lymphangiogenic factors in oral cancer. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 22). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026

Alansary, M., Drummond, B., Friedlander, L., Seymour, G. J., Cullinan, M. P., & Coates, D. E. (2016). Primary teeth pulp cells, not only MSCs, but a population with a unique “stem cell” signature. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 8-9). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026

Friedlander, L. T., Chandler, N. P., & Daniel, B. (2016). Five year analysis of undergraduate education using tapered hand and rotary endodontic instrumentation techniques. International Endodontic Journal, 49(1), (pp. 85). doi: 10.1111/iej.12496

2015

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Hussaini, H., Cullinan, M. P., Seymour, G. J., De Silva, R. K., De Silva, H., Cameron, C., & Rich, A. M. (2015). VEGF and VEGFR2 in dentigerous cysts associated with impacted third molars. Pathology, 47(5), 446-451. doi: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000272

Friedlander, L., McElroy, K., Daniel, B., Cullinan, M., & Hanlin, S. (2015). Direct pulp capping of permanent teeth in New Zealand general dental practice: A practice based research study. New Zealand Dental Journal, 111(2), 58-64.

Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, V. P. B., Kardos, T. B., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2015). Regulation of immune cells in oral lichen planus. Archives of Dermatological Research, 307, 333-339. doi: 10.1007/s00403-015-1540-8

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Hanlin, S. M., Chow, C., Dalzell, O., Friedlander, L. T., & Daniel, B. (2015). The understanding of Vital Pulp Therapy in a dental faculty. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2335048. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/

Friedlander, L. T., Ong, J., Hanlin, S. M., & Daniel, B. (2015). Vital Pulp Therapy: When, how, why? A NZ PBRN study. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2334433. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/

Alansary, M., Coates, D. E., Seymour, G., Cullinan, M. P., Friedlander, L. T., & Drummond, B. (2015). Primary tooth pulp progenitor cells' characterisation and differentiation potential. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2332761. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/

Allsobrook, O., Parachuru, V., Milne, T., Friedlander, L., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Angiogenic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 119(3), (pp. e140). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.163

2014

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Friedlander, L. T., Rich, A. M., Cullinan, M. P., De Silva, H., De Silva, G. R., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Spatial localization of angiogenic growth factors and receptors in immature permanent teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 47(1), (pp. -96). doi: 10.1111/iej.12212

Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)

McElroy, K., Hanlin, S., Daniel, B., Cullinan, M., & Friedlander, L. (2014, May). Evaluation of direct pulp capping of permanent teeth in general dental practice: A PBRN study. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Allsobrook, O. F. L., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T. J., Friedlander, L. T., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2014, May). Angiogenic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Al-Hassiny, A., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Friedlander, L. T., & Seymour, G. J. (2014, May). The role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Awarded Doctoral Degree

Friedlander, L. T. (2014). Angiogenesis and healing in immature permanent teeth (PhD). University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/5052

2013

Journal - Research Article

Alothmani, O. S., Friedlander, L. T., & Chandler, N. P. (2013). Radiographic assessment of endodontic working length. Saudi Endodontic Journal, 3(2), 57-64. doi: 10.4103/1658-5984.118145

Alothmani, O. S., Chandler, N. P., & Friedlander, L. T. (2013). The anatomy of the root apex: A review and clinical considerations in endodontics. Saudi Endodontic Journal, 3(1), 1-9. doi: 10.4103/1658-5984.116273

Lin, Y. P., Love, R. M., Friedlander, L. T., Shang, H. F., & Pai, M. H. (2013). Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4, and the OPG-RANKL-RANK system in inflammatory external root resorption and external cervical resorption. International Endodontic Journal, 46, 971-981. doi: 10.1111/iej.12088

Alothmani, O. S., Friedlander, L. T., Monteith, B. D., & Chandler, N. P. (2013). Influence of clinical experience on the radiographic determination of endodontic working length. International Endodontic Journal, 46(3), 211-216. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02109.x

Journal - Research Other

Friedlander, L. T., Chandler, N. P., & Drummond, B. K. (2013). Avulsion and replantation of a primary incisor tooth. Dental Traumatology, 29(6), 494-497. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01168.x

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Friedlander, L. (2013). [Review of the book Seltzer and Bender's dental pulp]. New Zealand Dental Journal, 109(1), 32. [Book Review].

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Friedlander, L. (2013). The use of contemporary endodontic techniques to improve patient outcomes. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute (SJWRI) Clinical Research Programme Symposium: When Practice Meets Research: A Future Full of Possibilities. Retrieved from http://sjwri.otago.ac.nz/research/pbrn/

Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, V. P., Kardos, T. B., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2013). Regulation of immune cells in oral lichen planus. Journal of Dental Research, 92(Spec Iss A), 2274. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org

2012

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, P., Kardos, T. B., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2012). Immunoregulatory cells in oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 114(4), (pp. e40). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.07.477

Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L., Parachuru, V., Kardos, T., Rich, A., & Seymour, G. (2012). Regulation of immune cells in oral lichen planus. Journal of Dental Research, 91(Spec Iss C), 169862. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org

Chandler, N., Kim, Y. A., Herbison, G. P., Hauman, C. H., & Friedlander, L. T. (2012). Crack formation during apicectomy: Operating microscope observations and SEM images. Journal of Dental Research, 91(Spec Iss C), 169312. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org

Kim, A. Y. J., Friedlander, L., Herbison, P., Hauman, C., & Chandler, N. P. (2012). The resected root-end: Is what you see, what you get? A naked eye, optical and SEM study. Journal of Endodontics, 38(3), OR 25, (pp. e19). [Abstract]

2011

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L., & Anderson, V. (2011). A new predoctoral endodontic module: Evaluating learning and effectiveness. Journal of Dental Education, 75(3), 351-359.

Journal - Research Other

Friedlander, L., Chandler, N., & Love, R. (2011). Periapical healing following combined non-surgical and surgical retreatments [Case report]. ENDO, 5(1), 27-34.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Friedlander, L. T., Coates, D. E., Cullinan, M. P., Seymour, G. J., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2011). Vascular and angiogenic markers in the dentine-pulp complex of immature permanent teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 44(12), (pp. 1215). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01914.x

Alothmani, O. S., Chandler, N. P., Friedlander, L. T., & Monteith, B. D. (2011). Influence of clinical experience on the accuracy and consistency of estimating radiographic working length adjustment. International Endodontic Journal, 44(12), (pp. 1182-1183). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01914.x

2010

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Lin, Y. P., Love, R. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2010). Association of TLR2/TLR4 and RANK/RANKL/OPG expression in inflammatory root resorption. Journal of Dental Research, 89(Spec Iss B), 47. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org

Alothmani, O., Chandler, N., Friedlander, L., & Monteith, B. (2010). Influence of clinical experience on radiographic evaluation of the quality of root canal treatment and accuracy of working length determinations. Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/index.html

Lin, K., Love, R., Friedlander, L., & Seymour, G. (2010). Unravelling the pathogenesis of invasive cervical root resorption. Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/index.html

2009

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Love, R. M., & Cullinan, M. P. (2009). Dental stem cells and their potential role in apexogenesis and apexification. International Endodontic Journal, 42(11), 955-962. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01622.x

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Friedlander, L. T., Chandler, N. P., Hauman, C. H. J., Heays, A., Grierson, L., & Loomans, R. (2009). Surface roughness of resected root-ends using recommended burs: An operating microscope study. International Endodontic Journal. 42(12), (pp. 1149). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01618.x

2005

Journal - Research Article

Buchanan, J., Colquhoun, A., Friedlander, L., Evans, S., Whitley, B., & Thomson, M. (2005). Maxillofacial fractures at Waikato Hospital, New Zealand: 1989 to 2000. New Zealand Medical Journal, 118(1217). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1217/1529/content.pdf

2002

Journal - Research Article

Friedlander, L. T., Love, R. M., & Chandler, N. P. (2002). A comparision of phosphor-plate digital images with conventional radiographs for the perceived clarity of fine endodontic files and periapical lesions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology & Endodontology, 93, 321-327.