Associate Professor Michael Knapp

Contact Details
- Phone
- 64 3 479 5169
- michael.knapp@otago.ac.nz
- Position
- Associate Professor
- Department
- Department of Anatomy
- Qualifications
- Diplom(Saarland) PhD(Massey)
- Research summary
- Evolutionary genomics and conservation genomics; biological anthropology
- Teaching
- BIOA 101 Introduction to Biological Anthropology
- BIOA 201 Biocultural Human Skeletal Biology
- BIOA 301 Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton
- Memberships
- Editorial Board Member: PLOS ONE
- Editorial Board Member: Scientific Reports
Research
Brief description of research
My group focuses on how species interact with their environment both on the molecular and on the population level and on how human activity shapes biodiversity. This interdisciplinary work aims at addressing a number of key questions including:
- How did past environmental change and human migration shape our present day biodiversity?
- How do modern conservation measures influence biodiversity?
- What is the genetic basis of evolutionary adaptation to new environments?
Our work integrates genomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic and environmental data to address these questions from a multi-disciplinary angle.
This research will contribute to protecting New Zealand's natural heritage, build capacity for genome scale projects in New Zealand, and help establish New Zealand at the cutting edge of the rapidly growing field of conservation genomics.
I am also a member of the Coastal People: Southern Skies collaboration that connects communities with world-leading, cross-discipline research to rebuild coastal ecosystems.
Coastal People: Southern Skies
He Kitenga: eDNA's species snapshot describes recent work detecting species in the diverse marine environments of Doubtful Sound and Aramoana.
Research interests
New projects include:
1. The evolution and extinction of New Zealand's Haast's eagle. Haast's eagle is a characteristic example of island gigantism. The largest raptor in the world, it went through the most extreme size increase relative to time known of any vertebrate species in the world. The causes for its extinction about 600 years ago are likely related to human arrival, but otherwise unclear. The two key objectives of this project are 1) to reconstruct the possible causes for Haast's eagle extinction and 2) to identify the functional genomic basis of island gigantism in Haast's eagle.
2. Conservation genomics. Due to their adaptions to a mammal free environment, New Zealand birds have suffered dramatic losses through introduced mammalian predators and their conservation is a major challenge. Next generation sequencing technology now allows us to address these challenges in a new way. Instead of using random and often neutral genetic markers to guide conservation efforts, complete genome data will be used to evaluate how populations of threatened bird species differ on a functional genomic level and to develop targeted conservation strategies based on these data.
Project 1 will focus on the evolution and speciation of kea, North Island kaka and South Island kaka and will investigate the feasibility of kaka translocation between the islands as a conservation strategy.
Project 2 will study the world's rarest wading bird, the endemic, critically endangered black stilt (kakī), and the threat it faces from interbreeding with its common, recently introduced sister species, the pied stilt.
Project 3 will use the genomes from all sequenced New Zealand birds to reconstruct the population dynamics of these species throughout the late Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles and evaluate the potential threat to each species from climate warming.
Existing projects include:
1. Reconstructing the settlement of the Pacific. The Pacific is the last frontier of human settlement. As part of the Biological Anthropology team at the University of Otago my group contributes to investigating questions relating to human migration into Remote Oceania, including: Who were the Lapita people that first moved into Remote Oceania around 3500 years ago and were they the biological ancestors of indigenous people in the Pacific today? Was there prehistoric contact between Polynesia and South America? To address these questions we are reconstructing the ancestry of early Pacific settlers using ancient DNA extracted from human remains from across the South Pacific.
2. What killed cave bear, mammoth and great auk? Before a species goes extinct it must go through a time of declining population size. The timing and mode of this final decline can be informative for identifying its cause(s). Did a species decline rapidly or slowly and what contemporaneous factors could have facilitated the decline? Are there any potential stressors that correlate strongly with the timing of the decline? To address these questions we are reconstructing the population dynamics of extinct species such as cave bear, mammoth and great auk throughout the past 50,000 years using temporal genetic analysis of radiocarbon dated subfossil remains. We are then correlating these data with known contemporary environmental parameters and potential human interference. These studies do not only give us insights into potential causes of extinct, but also help us to evaluate what makes a species particularly susceptible to extinction.
Publications
Adams, C. I. M., Jeunen, G.-J., Cross, H., Taylor, H. R., Bagnaro, A., Currie, K., Hepburn, C., Gemmell, N. J., … Knapp, M. (2023). Environmental DNA metabarcoding describes biodiversity across marine gradients. ICES Journal of Marine Science, fsad017. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsad017
Grosser, S., Dutoit, L., Foster, Y., Robertson, F., Fidler, A. E., Martini, D., Knapp, M., & Robertson, B. C. (2023). Genomic evidence of a functional RH2 opsin in New Zealand parrots and implications for pest control. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 50(2), 341-349. doi: 10.1080/03014223.2022.2053554
Dussex, N., & Knapp, M. (2022). Back from the brink: How genome research is helping the recovery of the Chatham Island black robin. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/back-from-the-brink-how-genome-research-is-helping-the-recovery-of-the-chatham-island-black-robin-194319
von Seth, J., van der Valk, T., Lord, E., Sigeman, H., Olsen, R.-A., Knapp, M., Kardailsky, O., Robertson, F., … Robertson, B. C., & Dussex, N. (2022). Genomic trajectories of a near-extinction event in the Chatham Island black robin. BMC Genomics, 23, 747. doi: 10.1186/s12864-022-08963-1
Czechowski, P., de Lange, M., Knapp, M., Terauds, A., & Stevens, M. I. (2022). Antarctic biodiversity predictions through substrate qualities and environmental DNA. Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment, 20(10), 550-557. doi: 10.1002/fee.2560
Barlow, A., Hofreiter, M., & Knapp, M. (2019). Cave bears and ancient DNA: A mutually beneficial relationship. In D. Nagel & N. Kavcik-Graumann (Eds.), Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von emer. Uni.-Prof Dr. Mag. Gernot Rabeder. (pp. 33-45). Vienna, Austria: Geologische Bundesanstalt.
Chapter in Book - Research
Knapp, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2014). Ancient human DNA: Phylogenetic applications. In Encyclopedia of life sciences. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0005143.pub3
Chapter in Book - Research
Knapp, M., Stiller, M., & Meyer, M. (2012). Generating barcoded libraries for multiplex high-throughput sequencing. In B. Shapiro & M. Hofreiter (Eds.), Ancient DNA: Methods and protocols: Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 840). (pp. 155-170). New York: Humana Press. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-516-9_19
Chapter in Book - Research
Knapp, M., Vigilant, L., & Hofreiter, M. (2008). Ancient DNA: Phylogenetic applications. In H. Kehrer-Sawatzki (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0005143.pub2
Chapter in Book - Research
Adams, C. I. M., Jeunen, G.-J., Cross, H., Taylor, H. R., Bagnaro, A., Currie, K., Hepburn, C., Gemmell, N. J., … Knapp, M. (2023). Environmental DNA metabarcoding describes biodiversity across marine gradients. ICES Journal of Marine Science, fsad017. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsad017
Journal - Research Article
Grosser, S., Dutoit, L., Foster, Y., Robertson, F., Fidler, A. E., Martini, D., Knapp, M., & Robertson, B. C. (2023). Genomic evidence of a functional RH2 opsin in New Zealand parrots and implications for pest control. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 50(2), 341-349. doi: 10.1080/03014223.2022.2053554
Journal - Research Article
Czechowski, P., de Lange, M., Knapp, M., Terauds, A., & Stevens, M. I. (2022). Antarctic biodiversity predictions through substrate qualities and environmental DNA. Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment, 20(10), 550-557. doi: 10.1002/fee.2560
Journal - Research Article
Lubbe, P., Rawlence, N. J., Kardailsky, O., Robertson, B. C., Day, R., Knapp, M., & Dussex, N. (2022). Mitogenomes resolve the phylogeography and divergence times within the endemic New Zealand Callaeidae (Aves: Passerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac060
Journal - Research Article
von Seth, J., van der Valk, T., Lord, E., Sigeman, H., Olsen, R.-A., Knapp, M., Kardailsky, O., Robertson, F., … Robertson, B. C., & Dussex, N. (2022). Genomic trajectories of a near-extinction event in the Chatham Island black robin. BMC Genomics, 23, 747. doi: 10.1186/s12864-022-08963-1
Journal - Research Article
Dussex, N., van der Valk, T., Morales, H. E., Wheat, C. W., Díez-del-Molino, D., von Seth, J., Foster, Y., … Le Lec, M. F., Dearden, P. K., … Knapp, M., Gemmell, N. J., Robertson, F., … Robertson, B. C., & Dalén, L. (2021). Population genomics of the critically endangered kākāpō. Cell Genomics, 1, 100002. doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100002
Journal - Research Article
Forsdick, N. J., Martini, D., Brown, L., Cross, H. B., Maloney, R. F., Steeves, T. E., & Knapp, M. (2021). Genomic sequencing confirms absence of introgression despite past hybridisation between a critically endangered bird and its common congener. Global Ecology & Conservation, 28, e01681. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01681
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Collins, C. J., & Matisoo-Smith, E. (2021). Ancient invaders: How Paleogenetic tools help to identify and understand biological invasions of the past. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution & Systematics, 52, 111-129. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-100938
Journal - Research Article
Martini, D., Dussex, N., Robertson, B. C., Gemmell, N. J., & Knapp, M. (2021). Evolution of the world's only alpine parrot: Genomic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, behaviour and ecology? Molecular Ecology, 30, 6370-6386. doi: 10.1111/mec.15978
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Potter, B. C. M., Dussex, N., Scarsbrook, L., Orlovich, D. A., Waters, J. M., … Knapp, M. (2021). Plio-Pleistocene environmental changes shape present day phylogeography of New Zealand’s southern beeches (Nothofagaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 59(1), 55-71. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2020.1791915
Journal - Research Article
Jeunen, G.-J., Lamare, M. D., Knapp, M., Spencer, H. G., Taylor, H. R., Stat, M., … Gemmell, N. J. (2020). Water stratification in the marine biome restricts vertical environmental DNA (eDNA) signal dispersal. Environmental DNA, 2(1), 99-111. doi: 10.1002/edn3.49
Journal - Research Article
Adams, C. I. M., Knapp, M., Gemmell, N. J., Jeunen, G.-J., Bunce, M., Lamare, M. D., & Taylor, H. R. (2019). Beyond biodiversity: Can environmental DNA (eDNA) cut it as a population genetics tool? Gene, 10(3), 192. doi: 10.3390/genes10030192
Journal - Research Article
Dussex, N., von Seth, J., Knapp, M., Kardailsky, O., Robertson, B. C., & Dalén, L. (2019). Complete genomes of two extinct New Zealand passerines show responses to climate fluctuations but no evidence for genomic erosion prior to extinction. Biology Letters, 15(9), 20190491. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0491
Journal - Research Article
Galla, S. J., Forsdick, N. J., Brown, L., Hoeppner, M. P., Knapp, M., Maloney, R. F., … Steeves, T. E. (2019). Reference genomes from distantly related species can be used for discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms to inform conservation management. Genes, 10(1), 9. doi: 10.3390/genes10010009
Journal - Research Article
Jeunen, G.-J., Knapp, M., Spencer, H. G., Lamare, M. D., Taylor, H. R., Stat, M., … Gemmell, N. J. (2019). Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding reveals strong discrimination among diverse marine habitats connected by water movement. Molecular Ecology Resources, 19, 426-438. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12982
Journal - Research Article
Jeunen, G.-J., Knapp, M., Spencer, H. G., Taylor, H. R., Lamare, M. D., Stat, M., … Gemmell, N. J. (2019). Species‐level biodiversity assessment using marine environmental DNA metabarcoding requires protocol optimization and standardization. Ecology & Evolution, 9, 1323-1335. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4843
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M. (2019). From a molecules’ perspective: Contributions of ancient DNA research to understanding cave bear biology. Historical Biology, 31(4), 442-447. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2018.1434168
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Thomas, J. E., Haile, J., Prost, S., Ho, S. Y. W., Dussex, N., Cameron-Christie, S., Kardailsky, O., … Scofield, R. P. (2019). Mitogenomic evidence of close relationships between New Zealand’s extinct giant raptors and small-sized Australian sister-taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 134, 122-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.026
Journal - Research Article
Thomas, J. E., Carvalho, G. R., Haile, J., Rawlence, N. J., Martin, M. D., Ho, S. Y. W., … Knapp, M. (2019). Demographic reconstruction from ancient DNA supports rapid extinction of the great auk. eLIFE, 8, e47509. doi: 10.7554/eLife.47509
Journal - Research Article
Seersholm, F. V., Cole, T. L., Grealy, A., Rawlence, N. J., Greig, K., Knapp, M., … Easton, L. J., … Walter, R., & Bunce, M. (2018). Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey. PNAS, 115(30), 7771-7776. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1803573115
Journal - Research Article
Chang, D., Knapp, M., Enk, J., Lippold, S., Kircher, M., Lister, A., … Czechowski, P., … Shapiro, B. (2017). The evolutionary and phylogeographic history of woolly mammoths: A comprehensive mitogenomic analysis. Scientific Reports, 7, 44585. doi: 10.1038/srep44585
Journal - Research Article
Thomas, J. E., Carvalho, G. R., Haile, J., Martin, M. D., Samaniego Castruita, J. A., Niemann, J., … Rawlence, N. J., … Knapp, M. (2017). An Aukward' tale: A genetic approach to discover the whereabouts of the last Great Auks. Genes, 8(6), 164. doi: 10.3390/genes8060164
Journal - Research Article
Galla, S. J., Buckley, T. R., Elshire, R., Hale, M. L., Knapp, M., McCallum, J., … Wilcox, P., & Steeves, T. E. (2016). Building strong relationships between conservation genetics and primary industry leads to mutually beneficial genomic advances. Molecular Ecology, 25(21), 5267-5281. doi: 10.1111/mec.13837
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Collins, C. J., Anderson, C. N. K., Maxwell, J. J., Smith, I. W. G., Robertson, B. C., Knapp, M., Horsburgh, K. A., Stanton, J.-A. L., Scofield, R. P., … Matisoo-Smith, E. A., & Waters, J. M. (2016). Human-mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations. Molecular Ecology, 25(16), 3950-3961. doi: 10.1111/mec.13726
Journal - Research Article
Westbury, M., Prost, S., Seelenfreund, A., Ramírez, J.-M., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., & Knapp, M. (2016). First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids: The mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile). Scientific Reports, 6, 38708. doi: 10.1038/srep38708
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Lalueza-Fox, C., & Hofreiter, M. (2015). Re-inventing ancient human DNA. Investigative Genetics, 6, 4. doi: 10.1186/s13323-015-0020-4
Journal - Research Article
Bohman, K., Evans, A., Gilbert, M. T. P., Carvalho, G. R., Creer, S., Knapp, M., … de Bruyn, M. (2014). Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(6), 358-367. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.003
Journal - Research Article
Collins, C. J., Rawlence, N. J., Prost, S., Anderson, C. N. K., Knapp, M., Scofield, R. P., Robertson, B. C., Smith, I., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., … Waters, J. M. (2014). Extinction and recolonization of coastal megafauna following human arrival in New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 281, 20140097. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0097
Journal - Research Article
Collins, C. J., Rawlence, N. J., Worthy, T. H., Scofield, R. P., Tennyson, A. J. D., Smith, I., Knapp, M., & Waters, J. M. (2014). Pre-human New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) rookeries on mainland New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 44(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2013.828761
Journal - Research Article
Goldberg, J., Knapp, M., Emberson, R. M., Townsend, J. I., & Trewick, S. A. (2014). Species radiation of carabid beetles (Broscini: Mecodema) in New Zealand. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e86185. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086185
Journal - Research Article
King, T. E., Fortes, G. G., Balaresque, P., Thomas, M. G., Balding, D., Delser, P. M., … Knapp, M., … Schürer, K. (2014). Identification of the remains of King Richard III. Nature Communications, 5, 5631. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6631
Journal - Research Article
Stiller, M., Molak, M., Prost, S., Rabeder, G., Baryshnikov, G., Rosendahl, W., … Knapp, M. (2014). Mitochondrial DNA diversity and evolution of the Pleistocene cave bear complex. Quaternary International, 339-340, 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.023
Journal - Research Article
Dabney, J., Knapp, M., Glocke, I., Gansauge, M.-T., Weihmann, A., Nickel, B., … Meyer, M. (2013). Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. PNAS, 110(39), 15758-15763. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314445110
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Clarke, A. C., Horsburgh, K. A., & Matisoo-Smith, E. A. (2012). Setting the stage-building and working in an ancient DNA laboratory. Annals of Anatomy, 194(1), 3-6. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.008
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Horsburgh, K. A., Prost, S., Stanton, J.-A., Buckley, H. R., Walter, R. K., & Matisoo-Smith, E. A. (2012). Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences from the first New Zealanders. PNAS, 109(45), 18350-18354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1209896109
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M. (2011). The next generation of genetic investigations into the Black Death. PNAS, 108(38), 15669-15670. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112574108
Journal - Research Article
Lippold, S., Knapp, M., Kuznetsova, T., Leonard, J. A., Benecke, N., Ludwig, A., … Hofreiter, M. (2011). Discovery of lost diversity of paternal horse lineages using ancient DNA. Nature Communications, 2, 450-455. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1447
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). Next generation sequencing of ancient DNA: Requirements, strategies and persectives. Genes, 1(2), 227-243. doi: 10.3390/genes1020227
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Finstermeier, K., Horn, S., Stiller, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). Multiplex-PCR: Neue PCR-technologien für alte DNA [Multiplex-PCR: New PCR technologies for ancient DNA]. Biospektrum, 5, 531-535.
Journal - Research Article
Prost, S., Knapp, M., Flemmig, J., Hufthammer, A. K., Kosintsev, P., Stiller, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). A phantom extinction? New insights into extinction dynamics of the Don-hare Lepus tanaiticus. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(9), 2022-2029. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02062.x
Journal - Research Article
Prost, S., Smirnov, N., Fedorov, V. B., Sommer, R. S., Stiller, M., Nagel, D., Knapp, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). Influence of climate warming on arctic mammals? New insights from ancient DNA studies of the collared lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus. PLoS ONE, 5(5), e10447. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010447
Journal - Research Article
Stiller, M., Baryshnikov, G., Bocherens, H., d'Anglade, A. G., Hilpert, B., Münzel, S. C., … Knapp, M. (2010). Withering away: 25,000 years of genetic decline preceded cave bear extinction. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 27(5), 975-978. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq083
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Rohland, N., Weinstock, J., Baryshnikov, G., Sher, A., Nagel, D., … Horfreiter, M. (2009). First DNA sequences from Asian cave bear fossils reveal deep divergences and complex phylogeographic patterns. Molecular Ecology, 18, 1225-1238. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04088.x
Journal - Research Article
Stiller, M., Knapp, M., Stenzel, U., Hofreiter, M., & Meyer, M. (2009). Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS): A novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA. Genome Research, 19, 1843-1848. doi: 10.1101/gr.095760.109
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Mudaliar, R., Havell, D., Wagstaff, S. J., & Lockhart, P. J. (2007). The drowning of New Zealand and the problem of Agathis. Systematic Biology, 56(5), 862-870. doi: 10.1080/10635150701636412
Journal - Research Article
Knapp, M., Stöckler, K., Havell, D., Delsuc, F., Sebastiani, F., & Lockhart, P. J. (2005). Relaxed molecular clock provides evidence for long-distance dispersal of Nothofagus (Southern Beech). PLoS Biology, 3(1), e14.
Journal - Research Article
Dussex, N., & Knapp, M. (2022). Back from the brink: How genome research is helping the recovery of the Chatham Island black robin. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/back-from-the-brink-how-genome-research-is-helping-the-recovery-of-the-chatham-island-black-robin-194319
Journal - Research Other
McDonald, S. K., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., Buckley, H. R., Walter, R. K., Aung, H. L., Collins, C. J., Cook, G. M., Kardailsky, O., Krause, K., & Knapp, M. (2020). 'TB or not TB': The conundrum of pre-European contact tuberculosis in the Pacific. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375, 20190583. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0583
Journal - Research Other
Russello, M., Amato, G., DeSalle, R., & Knapp, M. (2020). Conservation genetics and genomics. Genes, 11(3), 318. doi: 10.3390/genes11030318
Journal - Research Other
Rawlence, N. J., Scofield, R. P., McGlone, M. S., & Knapp, M. (2019). History repeats: Large scale synchronous biological turnover in avifauna from the Plio-Pleistocene and Late Holocene of New Zealand. Frontiers in Ecology & Evolution, 7, 158. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00158
Journal - Research Other
Halcrow, S. E., Killgrove, K., Robbins Schug, G., Knapp, M., Huffer, D., Arriaza, B., … Gunter, J. (2018). On engagement with anthropology: A critical evaluation of skeletal and developmental abnormalities in the Atacama preterm baby and issues of forensic and bioarcheological research ethics. Response to Bhattacharya et al. "Whole genome sequencing of Atacama skeleton shows novel mutations linked with dysplasia" in Genome Research, 2018, 28: 423-431. Doi: 10.1101/gr.223693.117 [Brief communication]. International Journal of Paleopathology, 22, 97-100. doi: 10.1101/gr.223693.117
Journal - Research Other