Dr Steven Soule

2026

Journal - Research Article

Walter, T., Stark, E., Soule, S., & Gabrielson, S. (2026). Is a reduction of contralateral adrenal volume assessed by CT volumetry a predictor of autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal incidentalomas? Journal of Medical Imaging & Radiation Oncology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.70090

2024

Journal - Research Article

Wilkinson, T., Li, B., Soule, S., & Hunt, P. (2024). The utility of rested prolactin sampling in the evaluation of hyperprolactinaemia. Internal Medicine Journal, 54, 307-311. doi: 10.1111/imj.16208

2022

Journal - Research Article

Palmer, D., Soule, S., Gaddam, R. R., Elder, P., Chambers, S., & Doogue, M. (2022). Unbound vitamin D concentrations are not decreased in critically ill patients. Internal Medicine Journal, 52, 89-94. doi: 10.1111/imj.15096

Journal - Research Other

Li, B., Soule, S., Wilkinson, T., & Florkowski, C. (2022). Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2: CUL3 mutation confirmed 15 years following initial diagnosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 52, 691-692. doi: 10.1111/imj.15740

2021

Journal - Research Other

Wilkinson, T., Soule, S., & Doogue, M. (2021). Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secondary to transient global amnesia. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(7), 1186-1187. doi: 10.1111/imj.15410

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Li, B., Soule, S., Florkowski, C., & Wilkinson, T. (2021). Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 with CUL3 mutation confirmed following retesting 15 years later. Pathology, 53(Suppl. 1), (pp. S39). doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.06.072

2020

Journal - Research Article

Goh, Z., Phillips, I., Hunt, P. J., Soule, S., & Cawood, T. J. (2020). Three-year follow up of adrenal incidentalomas in a New Zealand centre. Internal Medicine Journal, 50, 350-356. doi: 10.1111/imj.14332

2018

Journal - Research Article

Goh, Z., Phillips, I., Hunt, P. J., Soule, S., & Cawood, T. J. (2018). Characteristics of adrenal incidentalomas in a New Zealand centre. Internal Medicine Journal, 48(2), 173-178. doi: 10.1111/imj.13651

Journal - Research Other

Thompson, H., Lunt, H., Fleckney, C., & Soule, S. (2018). Insulin degludec overdose in an adolescent with type 1 diabetes: Proactive management including monitoring using the Freestyle Libre flash glucose monitoring system. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, 18-0044. doi: 10.1530/edm-18-0044

2015

Journal - Research Other

Stevenson, J. S., Soule, S., Parkin, P., & O'Neill-Kerr, D. (2015). Bilateral vertebral artery dissection in a patient with Turner Syndrome following manipulation of the cervical spine. New Zealand Medical Journal, 128(1424). Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

2014

Journal - Research Other

Yong, K. W., Soule, S., & Hunt, P. (2014). Endocrine encephalopathy. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1394). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

2013

Journal - Research Other

Alamri, Y., Soule, S., & Lim, G. (2013). Ethanol-related ecchymosis. New Zealand Medical Journal, 126(1387). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

2012

Journal - Research Article

Ellis, E., Chin, P. K. L., Hunt, P. J., Lunt, H., Lewis, J. G., & Soule, S. G. (2012). Is late-night salivary cortisol a better screening test for possible cortisol excess than standard screening tests in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes? New Zealand Medical Journal, 125(1353). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Journal - Research Other

Badami, K. G., Chalmers, I., Soule, S., & Walkden, D. (2012). Difficult venepuncture: It was all in the head! Transfusion Medicine, 22(6), 448-449. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2012.01203.x

2011

Journal - Research Article

Schouten, B. J., Raizis, A. M., Soule, S. G., Cole, D. R., Frengley, P. A., George, P. M., & Florkowski, C. M. (2011). Four cases of autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia with hypercalciuria including two with novel mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 48(3), 286-290. doi: 10.1258/acb.2010.010139

Journal - Research Other

Prescott, H., Ellis, E., & Soule, S. (2011). Pituitary infarction: A potentially fatal cause of postoperative hyponatraemia and ocular palsy [Case report]. BMJ, 342, d1221. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1221

2010

Journal - Research Article

Ross, I., Boulle, A., Soule, S., Levitt, N., Pirie, F., Karlsson, A., … Schatz, D. (2010). Autoimmunity predominates in a large South African cohort with addison’s disease of mainly European descent despite long-standing disease and is associated with HLA DQB*0201. Clinical Endocrinology, 73(3), 291-298. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03807.x

Journal - Research Other

Huelsen-Katz, A. M., Schouten, B. J., Jardine, D. L., Soule, S. G., & Liu, H. (2010). Pictorial evolution of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage [Letter to the editor]. Internal Medicine Journal, 40(1), 87-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02117.x

2009

Journal - Research Article

Schouten, B. J., Doogue, M. P., Soule, S. G., & Hunt, P. J. (2009). Iron polymaltose-induced FGF23 elevation complicated by hypophosphataemic osteomalacia. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 46(2), 167-169. doi: 10.1258/acb.2008.008151

Cawood, T. J., Hunt, P. J., O'Shea, D., Cole, D., & Soule, S. (2009). Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant: Time for a rethink? European Journal of Endocrinology, 161(4), 513-527. doi: 10.1530/EJE-09-0234

Schouten, B. J., Hunt, P. J., Livesey, J. H., Frampton, C. M., & Soule, S. G. (2009). FGF23 elevation and hypophosphataemia after intravenous iron polymaltose: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94, 2332-2337. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2396

2008

Journal - Research Article

Ellis, M. J., Livesey, J. H., & Soule, S. G. (2008). Prolactin immunoreactivity in rheumatoid factor-containing specimens: Is it prolactin, macroprolactin or assay interference? Open Clinical Chemistry Journal, 1, 38-41.

Kazlauskaite, R., Evans, A. T., Villabona, C. V., Abdu, T. A. M., Ambrosi, B., Atkinson, A. B., … Soule, S. G., … Consortium for Evaluation of Corticotropin Test in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Insufficiency. (2008). Corticotropin tests for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency: A metaanalysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(11), 4245-4253. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0710

Soule, S., Florkowski, C., Potter, H., Pattison, D., Swan, M., Hunt, P., & George, P. (2008). Intermittent severe, symptomatic hyponatraemia due to the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 45(5), 520-523. doi: 10.1258/acb.2007.007211

2007

Journal - Research Article

Bang, A. S., Soule, S. G., Yandle, T. G., Richards, A. M., & Pemberton, C. J. (2007). Characterisation of proghrelin peptides in mammalian tissue and plasma. Journal of Endocrinology, 192, 313-323.

Journal - Research Other

Doogue, M., Soule, S., & Hunt, P. (2007). Another cause of 'pseudophaeochromocytoma': Quetiapine associated with a false positive normetanephrine result. Clinical Endocrinology, 67, 472-476.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Soule, S. (2007, November). Obesity: Endocrine mechanisms. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Society of Gastroenterology & NZNO Gastroenterology Nurses Section Annual Scientific Meeting combined with the RACP and IMSANZ, Christchurch, New Zealand.

2006

Journal - Research Article

Lewis, J. G., möpert, B., Shand, B. I., Doogue, M. P., Soule, S. G., Frampton, C. M., & Elder, P. A. (2006). Plasma variation of corticosteroid-binding globulin and sex hormone-binding globulin. Hormone & Metabolic Research, 38, 241-245.

Ellis, M. J., Livesey, J. H., & Soule, S. G. (2006). Macroprolactin, big-prolactin and potential effects on the misdiagnosis of hyperprolactinemia using the Beckman Coulter Access Prolactin assay. Clinical Biochemistry, 39, 1028-1034.

2005

Journal - Research Article

Harraway, J. R., Sheard, J. M., Soule, S. G., Florkowski, C. M., & George, P. M. (2005). Autosomal recessive adult-onset hypophosphatasia. Pathology, 37(6), 563-565. doi: 10.1080/00313020500368329

Soule, S., Pemberton, C., Hunt, P., Cole, D., Raudsepp, S., & Inder, W. (2005). Prandial regulation of ghrelin secretion in humans: Does glucagon contribute to the preprandial increase in circulating ghrelin? Clinical Endocrinology, 63(4), 412-417. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02357.x

MacFarlane, M. R., Soule, S., & Hunt, P. J. (2005). Intraosseous lipoma of the body of the sphenoid bone. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1), 105-108.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Cole, D. R., Soule, S., Raizis, A., & George, P. (2005). Hypocalcaemia and a novel calcium sensing receptor activating mutation. Internal Medicine Journal, 35(Suppl.), (pp. A68). [Abstract]

2003

Journal - Research Article

Rayner, B. L., Owen, E. P., King, J. A., Soule, S. G., Vreede, H., Opie, L. H., … Davidson, J. S. (2003). A new mutation, R563Q, of the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel associated with low-renin, low-aldosterone hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 21, 1-6.

Ross, I. L., Marais, S., Raubenheimer, P. J., Abratt, R., Isaacs, S., & Soule, S. G. (2003). Overt hypoadrenalism is uncommon in patients with stage 3 and 4 bronchogenic carcinoma. South African Medical Journal, 93, 695-699.

Pemberton, C. J., Wimalasena, P., Yandle, T. G., Soule, S. G., & Richards, A. M. (2003). C-terminal pro-ghrelin peptides are present in the human circulation. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications, 310(2), 567-573.

2002

Journal - Research Article

Raubenheimer, P. J., Taylor, A., & Soule, S. G. (2002). A case of Paget's disease complicated by hydrocephalus and syringomyelia. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 16(5), 513-516.

2001

Journal - Research Article

Kaplan, F. J. L., Levitt, N. S., de Villiers, J. C., & Soule, S. G. (2001). Acromegaly in the developing world: A 20 year teaching hospital experience. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 15, 22-27.

Rayner, B. L., Soule, S. G., & Davidson, J. S. (2001). Primary aldosteronism: A new perspective in South Africa. Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa, 12, 69-72.

Soule, S. G., MacFarlane, P. M., Levitt, N. S., & Millar, R. P. (2001). Contribution of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin to decreased growth hormone secretion in elderly men. South African Medical Journal, 91, 254-260.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Davidson, J. S., Dhansay, Y., Owen, E. P., King, J. A., Rayner, B. L., & Soule, S. G. (2001). Sodium channel mutations in low-renin hypertensives in South Africa. Verbal presentation at the South Africa Pathology Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa.

Ross, I. L., Rayner, B. L., Raubenheimer, P. J., Soule, S. G., Opie, L. H., & Davidson, J. S. (2001, October). Casual aldosterone and renin levels predict primary aldosteronism in the outpatient setting. Verbal presentation at the Research Seminar of the University of Capetown Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa.

Soule, S. G., Kaplan, F. J. L., & Levitt, N. S. (2001, April). How common is primary hypoadrenalism in hospitalised patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis? Verbal presentation at the 37th Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa (SEMDSA), Johannesburg, South Africa.

2000

Journal - Research Article

Kaplan, F. J. L., Levitt, N. S., & Soule, S. G. (2000). Primary hypoadrenalism assessed by the 1g ACTH stimulation test in hospitalised patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. QJM, 93, 603-609.

Raubenheimer, P. J., & Soule, S. G. (2000). Hypothyroidism: A reversible cause of cardiac tamponade with an atypical presentation. SAMJ, 5, 130-132.

Soule, S. G., Davidson, J., & Rayner, B. L. (2000). The evaluation of primary hyperaldosteronism. SAMJ, 90, 387-394.

Soule, S. G., Van Zyl, S. C., Parolis, G., Attenborough, S., Peter, D., Kinvig, S., … Coetzer, E. (2000). The low dose ACTH stimulation test is less sensitive than the overnight metyrapone test for the diagnosis of secondary hypoadrenalism. Clinical Endocrinology, 53, 221-227.

Journal - Research Other

Soule, S. G. (2000). The low dose ACTH stimulation test is less sensitive than the overnight metyrapone test for the diagnosis of secondary hypoadrenalism [Letter]. Clinical Endocrinology, 53, 759-761.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Soule, S. G., Coetzer, E., Van Zyl, S. C., Parolis, G., Attenborough, S., Peter, D., … Kinvig, S. (2000, April). The 1g ACTH stimulation test for the evaluation of ACTH deficiency in patients with hypopituitarism. Verbal presentation at the 36th SEMDSA, Durban.

1999

Journal - Research Article

Hislop, M. S., Ratanjee, B. D., & Soule, S. G. (1999). Effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use or gonadal testosterone supplementation on serum leptin concentration in men. European Journal of Endocrinology, 141, 40-46.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Kaplan, F. L., Soule, S. G., de Villiers, J. C., & Levitt, N. S. (1999, April). Acromegaly: The GSH experience 1974-1993. Verbal presentation at the 35th SEMDSA, Drakensberg.

1998

Journal - Research Article

Soule, S. G., & Jacobs, H. S. (1998). Recent advances in the assessment and management of the hyperprolactinaemic patient. Specialist Medicine, (March), 52-59.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Soule, S. G., MacFarlane, P. M., Levitt, N. S., & Millar, R. P. (1998, October). The decline in growth hormone secretion in the elderly is primarily due to diminished release of endogenous growth hormone-releasing hormone. Verbal presentation at the University of Cape Town Department of Medicine Research Seminar, Cape Town, South Africa.

Soule, S. G. (1998, March). The spectrum of Addison's disease at Groote Schuur hospital 1980-1997. Verbal presentation at the 34th Meeting of the Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.

1997

Journal - Research Article

Fahie-Wilson, M., & Soule, S. G. (1997). Macroprolactinaemia: Contribution to hyperprolactinaemia in a District General Hospital and evaluation of a screening test based on precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 34, 252-258.

Soule, S. G. (1997). Evaluation and management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. SAMJ, 87, 380-383.

Fahie-Wilson, M., Ahlquist, J. A. O., & Soule, S. G. (1997). Screening for macroprolactinaemia [Letter]. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 34, 703-704.

Journal - Research Other

Soule, S. G., & Berman, P. (1997). Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and the RET receptor: A disease spectrum comes of age [Editorial]. SAMJ, 87, 380-383.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Soule, S. G. (1997, October). The spectrum of Addison's disease at Groote Schuur Hospital 1980-1997. Verbal presentation at the University of Cape Town Department of Medicine Research Day, Cape Town.