Clinical Associate Professor
Research Interests
Include:
- model volatile anaesthetic uptake and distribution
- effect-site volatile anaesthetic levels needed for various levels of surgical stimulus
- nitrous oxide kinetic analysis
- the effect of depth of anaesthesia on long-term outcomes
Current projects
- Quantifying the effect and variability of neuromuscular blocking drugs on patients undergoing surgery
Summer Studentship study, thanks to the Anaesthetists' Instrument Pool for funding this study. - Retrospective audit of use of blood & blood products during cardiac surgery
- Degree of recovery from muscle relaxation administration at the completion of cardiac surgery & relationship with time to extubation.
- Epidural-Related Paraesthesia In Labouring Women
- The BALANCED Study
- A comparison of model-based predictions of first response after anaesthesia with observed responses and the influence of hypnosedative drugs not included in the models study – (Accuracy of Predictions for Awakening).
- IRORA – the Nerve Block Study.
- The Co-induction Study – Looking at the effect of low dose intravenous premedication (co-induction) on cardiac output and induction of anaesthesia.
- Peri-operative Analgesic Requirements and Quality of Recovery.
- The influence of surgery on sevoflurane brain levels and awakening from anaesthesia – The Sevoflurane Wakeup Study.
- The Effect of Changes in Cardiac Output on Sevoflurane Delivery in the Aisys Anaesthetic Machine Study (COCAD)
- METS/CPEX Study – Measurement of Exercise Tolerance for Surgery (METS) Study.
- ISOS – International Surgical Outcomes Study. (Multi-national study, sponsored by the Queen Mary University, London)
Publications
Macgregor, A., McCombie, A., Hall, E., & Kennedy, R. R. (2026). Effect of ethnicity and parity on utilisation of labour epidural analgesia: A retrospective study. Anaesthesia. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/anae.70127 Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R., McCombie, A., & French, R. A. (2026). Maintaining lower fresh gas flows when using sevoflurane: An observational exploration of data from a single center. Anesthesiology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000005867 Journal - Research Other
Beard, J. W., Yacoubian, S., Luchetti, M., Yapici, H. O., & Kennedy, R. R. (2024). Anesthesia delivery via manual control versus end-tidal control: A scoping review. Trends in Anaesthesia & Critical Care, 58, 101501. doi: 10.1016/j.tacc.2024.101501 Journal - Research Other
Sarraf, E., Kennedy, R. R., & Mandel, J. E. (2024). Drug titration paradox: Comment. Anesthesiology, 141(2), 411-413. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004995 Journal - Research Other
Kennedy, R. R. (2023). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug display and simulation systems in anesthesia practice [Review]. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 36(4), 407-413. doi: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001278 Journal - Research Article
2026
Journal - Research Article
Macgregor, A., McCombie, A., Hall, E., & Kennedy, R. R. (2026). Effect of ethnicity and parity on utilisation of labour epidural analgesia: A retrospective study. Anaesthesia. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/anae.70127
Journal - Research Other
Kennedy, R. R., McCombie, A., & French, R. A. (2026). Maintaining lower fresh gas flows when using sevoflurane: An observational exploration of data from a single center. Anesthesiology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000005867
2024
Journal - Research Other
Beard, J. W., Yacoubian, S., Luchetti, M., Yapici, H. O., & Kennedy, R. R. (2024). Anesthesia delivery via manual control versus end-tidal control: A scoping review. Trends in Anaesthesia & Critical Care, 58, 101501. doi: 10.1016/j.tacc.2024.101501
Sarraf, E., Kennedy, R. R., & Mandel, J. E. (2024). Drug titration paradox: Comment. Anesthesiology, 141(2), 411-413. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004995
2023
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R. (2023). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug display and simulation systems in anesthesia practice [Review]. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 36(4), 407-413. doi: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001278
2022
Journal - Research Other
van der Griend, B. F. H., McGregor, A. L., Currant, P. N., & Kennedy, R. R. (2022). An audit of inhalational anaesthetic agent usage in paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 77, 1170-1171. doi: 10.1111/anae.15795
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R., Macgregor, A., Currant, P., & van der Griend, B. F. H. (2022). An audit of patterns of inhalational anesthetic use during pediatric anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 134(4, Suppl.), (pp. 24). doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000825308.55890.5d
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., Matthews, R., Shoorangiz, R., & Jones, R. (2022). EEG power and frailty: A preliminary investigation. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 50(1, Suppl.), (pp. 9-10). doi: 10.1177/0310057X211070785
Macgregor, A., Kennedy, R., Currant, P., & van der Griend, B. (2022). Volatile anaesthetic use in the paediatric population at Christchurch Hospital. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 50(1, Suppl.), (pp. 4). doi: 10.1177/0310057X211070785
2021
Journal - Research Article
Corcoran, T. B., Myles, P. S., Forbes, A. B., Cheng, A. C., Bach, L. A., O'Loughlin, E., … for the PADDI Investigators, the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Clinical Trials Network, and the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network, including Kennedy, R. R., & McKellow, M. A. (2021). Dexamethasone and surgical-site infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 384, 1731-1741. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028982
Journal - Research Other
Woirnarski, N. C. Z., Kennedy, R. R., Te, R., Agyekum, D. G., & Hao, D. (2021). Is low-flow anesthesia with sevoflurane safe? An interactive discussion. Translational Perioperative & Pain Medicine, 8(3), 359-364. doi: 10.31480/2330-4871/141
Peyton, P. J., & Kennedy, R. R. (2021). The big match: Lung ventilation and blood flow during inhalational anesthesia and recovery: Is there a winning combination? Anesthesiology, 135(6), 948-950. doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004038
Feldman, J. M., Hendrickx, J., & Kennedy, R. R. (2021). In response. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 133(2), e24-e25. doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005615
Kennedy, R. R. (2021). Seeing the wood for the trees: Insights into reducing inhalational agent consumption. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 65, 861-862. doi: 10.1111/aas.13926
Feldman, J. M., Hendrickx, J., & Kennedy, R. R. (2021). Carbon dioxide absorption during inhalation anesthesia: A modern practice. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 132(4), 993-1002. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005137
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Feldman, J. M., Hendrickx, J., & Kennedy, R. R. (2021). In response. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 133(2), e25-e26. doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005624
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. (2021, October). Machine learning: Monitoring your anaesthetic machine. Verbal presentation at the Aotearoa New Zealand Anaesthesia Annual Scientific Meeting, [Online].
2020
Chapter in Book - Research
Kennedy, R. R. (2020). Application of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and signal analysis to drug administration in anaesthesia. In P. L. Gambus & J. F. A. Hendrickx (Eds.), Personalized anaesthesia: Targeting physiological systems for optimal effect. (pp. 82-102). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781316443217.006
Journal - Research Article
COVIDSurg Collaborative, and Benson, R. A., Haddow, J., Seigne, R., Kennedy, R., & Pascoe, R. (2020). Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: Global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans. British Journal of Surgery, 107(11), 1440-1449. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11746
Journal - Research Other
Wood, C. F., & Kennedy, R. R. (2020). [Review of the book Maths, physics and clinical measurement for anaesthesia and intensive care]. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 131(4), e182. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005076
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R., & Currant, P. (2020). Eighteen years of exploring patterns of anaesthetic gas flows with more recent data on CO2 GWP footprint. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 130(Suppl. 5), 36. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000662056.84859.62
Kennedy, R. R., Matthews, R., Shoorangiz, R., & Jones, R. D. (2020). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between EEG alpha power during anesthesia and frailty. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 130(Suppl. 5), 35. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000662056.84859.62
2019
Journal - Research Article
International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS) group, including Seigne, R., Kennedy, R., Pascoe, R., & Walsh, D. (2019). Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research. British Journal of Surgery, 106(2), e73-e80. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11025
Short, T. G., Campbell, D., Frampton, C., Chan, M. T. V., Myles, P. S., Corcoran, T. B., … for the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Clinical Trials Network and the Balanced Anaesthesia Study Group, including Kennedy, R., & McKellow, M. (2019). Anaesthetic depth and complications after major surgery: An international, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 394, 1907-1914. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32315-3
van der Griend, B. F. H., Vincent, A. R., & Kennedy, R. R. (2019). Observational audit of sevoflurane consumption during paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 47(3), 251-254. doi: 10.1177/0310057X19841008
Kennedy, R. R., French, R. A., Vesto, G., Hanrahan, J., & Page, J. (2019). The effect of fresh gas flow during induction of anaesthesia on sevoflurane usage: A quality improvement study. Anaesthesia, 74, 875-882. doi: 10.1111/anae.14669
De Baerdemaeker, A., Poelaert, J., Kennedy, R. R., De Wolf, A. M., & Hendrickx, J. F. A. (2019). The effect of isocapnic hyperventilation on early recovery after remifentanil/sevoflurane anesthesia in O2/air: A randomized trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 63, 455-460. doi: 10.1111/aas.13293
Journal - Research Other
Kennedy, R. R., Hendrickx, J. F. A., & Feldman, J. M. (2019). There are no dragons: Low-flow anaesthesia with sevoflurane is safe. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 47(3), 223-225. doi: 10.1177/0310057X19843304
van der Griend, B. F. H., & Kennedy, R. R. (2019). Time to stop the go slow on the low flow. Pediatric Anesthesia, 29(4), 300-301. doi: 10.1111/pan.13618
De Baerdemaeker, A., De Wolf, A. M., Poelaert, J., Kennedy, R. R., & Hendrickx, J. F. A. (2019). Effectiveness of isocapnic hyperventilation: It is not the technique, it is the way you use it. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 63, 835-836. doi: 10.1111/aas.13357
2018
Journal - Research Article
Abbott, T. E. F., Ahmad, T., Phull, M. K., Fowler, A. J., Hewson, R., Biccard, B. M., … for the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS) Group, including Seigne, R., Kennedy, R., Pascoe, R., & Walsh, D. (2018). The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: A prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 120(1), 146-155. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.08.002
Journal - Research Other
Kennedy, R. R. (2018). A second look at the second gas effect. Anesthesiology, 128(6), 1053-1054. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002206
2017
Chapter in Book - Research
Kennedy, R. (2017). Lessons from drug interaction displays. In A. R. Absalom & K. P. Mason (Eds.), Total intravenous anesthesia and target controlled infusions: A comprehensive global anthology. (pp. 713-723). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47609-4_39
Journal - Research Article
Kahan, B. C., Koulenti, D., Arvaniti, K., Beavis, V., Campbell, D., Chan, M., International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS) group, including Seigne, R., Kennedy, R., Pascoe, R., & Walsh, D. (2017). Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: Prospective analysis of data from 27 countries. Intensive Care Medicine, 43(7), 971-979. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4633-8
Szakmany, T., Ditai, J., Kirov, M., Protsenko, D., Osinaike, B., Venara, A., … on behalf of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS) group, including Seigne, R., Dixon, L., Kennedy, R., & Pascoe, R. (2017). In-hospital clinical outcomes after upper gastrointestinal surgery: Data from an international observational study. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 43, 2324-2332. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.08.002
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., & Williman, J. (2017). Comparing end-tidal and calculated effect-site sevoflurane concentrations at awakening from anesthesia. Proceedings of the International Society for Anaesthetic Pharmacology (ISAP) Annual Meeting. (pp. 14-15). Retrieved from http://www.isaponline.org
Kennedy, R., French, R., Hanrahan, J., & Vesto, G. (2017). Gas flow in the induction period can have significant effect on overall gas and vapour consumption despite low maintenance flows. Proceedings of the International Society for Anaesthetic Pharmacology (ISAP) Annual Meeting. (pp. 25-26). Retrieved from http://www.isaponline.org
Kennedy, R., van der Griend, B., Page, J., Vesto, G., & French, R. (2017). Brief pediatric cases use a similar mass of sevoflurane as adult anesthetics lasting over an hour. Proceedings of the International Society for Anaesthetic Pharmacology (ISAP) Annual Meeting. (pp. 24). Retrieved from http://www.isaponline.org
Kennedy, R., French, R., Vesto, G., & Hanrahan, J. (2017). Gas flows during induction have a major effect on overall vapor consumption despite low maintenance flows. Proceedings of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Anesthesiology Annual Meeting. A3039. Retrieved from http://www.asaabstracts.com
Kennedy, R., & McKellow, M. (2017). Effect-site sevoflurane concentrations at awakening are close to MAC-awake while end tidal concentrations are lower. Proceedings of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Anesthesiology Annual Meeting. A3040. Retrieved from http://www.asaabstracts.com
Kennedy, R. R., French, R. A., & Hanrahan, J. (2017). The contribution of the induction period to overall gas and vapour consumption. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 124(5, Suppl. 1), (pp. 77-78). doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000515996.62467.75
2016
Journal - Research Article
International Surgical Outcomes Study Group, including Haddow, J., Seigne, R., Dixon, L., Kennedy, R., & Pascoe, R. (2016). Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: Prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 117(5), 601, 609. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew316
Taylor, J., Dixon, L., Pascoe, R., Dobbs, B., Kennedy, R., & Frizelle, F. (2016). Elective surgical outcomes of patients in Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1447), 64-71. Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., Marshall, H., & McKellow, M. (2016). Exploring the variability in response to recuronium in routine clinical practice using GE-Navigator. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 33(e-Suppl. 54), 01AP01-2. [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. (2016, April-May). Anaesthetic machine automation is good... or the devil's work? Invited presentation at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Annual Scientific Meeting: Closer to the Edge, Auckland, New Zealand.
2015
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., & Williman, J. (2015). How good are predictions of awakening from a drug interaction display? Proceedings of the Society for Technology in Anesthesia (STA) Annual Meeting. (pp. 38-39). Retrieved from https://www.stahq.org
Kennedy, R., & French, R. (2015). Using automated end-tidal control in routine clinical practice influences fresh gas flow rates and demonstrates inhalational kinetics. Proceedings of the Society for Technology in Anesthesia (STA) Annual Meeting. (pp. 36-37). Retrieved from https://www.stahq.org
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., & Williman, J. (2015). The influence of covariates on effect-site age-adjusted MAC fraction estimated by GE-Navigator at the point first response after inhalational anesthesia. Proceedings of the International Society for Anaesthetic Pharmacology (ISAP) Annual Meeting. (pp. 20-21). Retrieved from http://www.isaponline.org
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., & Williman, J. (2015). The distribution of effect-site sevoflurane concentrations at wake-up. Proceedings of the International Society for Anaesthetic Pharmacology (ISAP) Annual Meeting. (pp. 18-19). Retrieved from http://www.isaponline.org
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., & Williman, J. (2015). A comparison of age adjusted effect-site volatile anesthetic concentrations and an effect-site volatile opioid interaction model to describe the time of awakening after volatile anesthesia. Proceedings of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Anesthesiology Annual Meeting. A3007. Retrieved from http://www.asaabstracts.com
2014
Journal - Research Article
Hartwell, D. A., Grayling, M., & Kennedy, R. R. (2014). Low-cost high-fidelity anaesthetic simulation. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 42(3), 371-377.
Kennedy, R. R. (2014). New technology in anaesthesia: Friend or foe? Journal of Clinical Monitoring & Computing, 28(2), 113-116. doi: 10.1007/s10877-014-9557-7
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2014). A ten-year audit of fresh gas flows in a New Zealand hospital: The influence of the introduction of automated agent delivery and comparisons with other hospitals. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 42(1), 65-72.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., Tench, L., Winter, D., McKellow, M., & Parsons, L. (2014). PACU effect-site fentanyl levels after laparoscopic surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 31(e-Suppl. 52), 9AP3-4. [Abstract]
Kennedy, R., & McKellow, M. (2014). The relationship between the EC50 for sedation as predicted by the GE-Navigator and awakening after anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 31(e-Suppl. 52), 3AP2-2. [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. (2014, October-November). New technology: Essential tools or unnecessary toys? Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Anaesthetic Technicians' Society Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand.
2013
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., French, R., & Sleigh, J. (2013). Sevoflurane end-tidal to effect-site equilibration in women determined by response to laryngeal mask airway insertion. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 117(4), 786-791. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a46d4e
Journal - Research Other
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2013). Sustaining a reduction in fresh gas flow rates. Anesthesiology, 119(5), 1228. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182a6b3a8
Kennedy, R. R. (2013). Effect-site estimation of volatile anaesthetic agents: Beyond MAC fractions as a target for anaesthesia delivery. Trends in Anaesthesia & Critical Care, 3(4), 211-215. doi: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.02.014
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Sturney, S. C., Storer, M. K., Shaw, G. M., Kennedy, R. R., Shaw, D. E., & Epton, M. J. (2013). An off-line end-tidal breath sampling method in anaesthetised patients with analysis by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Thorax, 68(Suppl. 3), (pp. A158). doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.335
2012
Journal - Research Article
Drummond, G. B., Fisher, L., Pumphrey, O., & Kennedy, R. R. (2012). Direct measurement of nitrous oxide kinetics. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 109(5), 776-781. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes260
Drummond, G. B., Bleach, L., Thomson, A. J., & Kennedy, R. R. (2012). Kinetics of anesthetic onset measured with a direct index of neural activity. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 115(3), 547-553. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182549490
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., Kennedy, N., & French, R. (2012). The effect of the introduction of automated gas flow control on fresh gas flow rates. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 29(Suppl. 50), 3AP5-5. [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Kennedy, R., Kench, T., McKellow, M., Parsons, L., Woods, J., & Winter, D. (2012, May). PACU opioid levels are a good predictor of opioid use in the following 12 hours. Poster session presented at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Annual Scientific Meeting, Perth, Australia.
Kennedy, R., Kennedy, N., & French, R. (2012, May). The Christchurch fresh gas flow audit: The effect of the introduction of an automated end-tidal vapor control system on fresh gas flow rates. Poster session presented at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Annual Scientific Meeting, Perth, Australia.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. (2012, May). Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA): When the models just don't fit. Verbal presentation at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Annual Scientific Meeting, Perth, Australia.
2011
Journal - Research Article
Moran, E. M. L., French, R. A., & Kennedy, R. R. (2011). A New Zealand based cohort study of anaesthetic trainees' career outcomes compared with previously expressed intentions. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 39(5), 946-950.
Kennedy, R. R., & Merry, A. F. (2011). The effect of a graphical interpretation of a statistic trend indicator (Trigg's Tracking Variable) on the detection of simulated changes. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 39(5), 881-886.
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2011). The development of a system to guide volatile anaesthetic administration. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 39(2), 182-190.
Journal - Research Other
van der Griend, B., & Kennedy, R. (2011). Procedural sedation in the emergency department: Good medicine or flirting with danger? [Editorial]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 124(1344). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/124-1344/4901/content.pdf
2010
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R., McKellow, M. A., & French, R. A. (2010). The effect of predictive display on the control of step changes in effect site sevoflurane levels. Anaesthesia, 65, 826-830. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06410.x
Kennedy, R., Lee, A., & Frizelle, F. A. (2010). Influence of general health and degree of surgical insult on long-term survival. British Journal of Surgery, 97, 782-788. doi: 10.1002/bjs.6960
Journal - Research Other
Kennedy, R. (2010). Individualising target-controlled anaesthesia. Better models or better targets? [Editorial]. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 38(3), 421-423.
Fredrickson, M. J., & Kennedy, R. R. (2010). Regional anaesthesia and pain relief after surgery [Editorial]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1324). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1324/4384/content.pdf
Kennedy, R. R. (2010). Seeing the future of anesthesia drug dosing: Moving the art of anesthesia from impressionism to realism [Editorial]. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 111(2), 252-255. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e62ff1
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Pumphrey, O., Fisher, L. H., Kennedy, R. R., & Drummond, G. B. (2010). Kinetics of nitrous oxide onset and offset. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 105(5), (pp. 717P-718P). doi: 10.1093/bja/aep362
Kennedy, R., Minto, C., French, R., & McKellow, M. (2010). Effect site Sevoflurane levels for airway manipulations during rapid wash-in. Journal of Clinical Monitoring & Computing, 24(1), (pp. 17-18). doi: 10.1007/s10877-009-9211-y
Kennedy, R. (2010). Effect site concentrations and volatile anaesthetics? Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Annual Scientific Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.conference.co.nz/index.cfm/anzca10
Bleach, L., Thomson, A., Kennedy, R., & Drummond, G. B. (2010). Kinetics of nitrous oxide in the central nervous system. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 104(4), (pp. 527P-528P). doi: 10.1093/bja/aep362
2009
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R., Merry, A. F., Warman, G. R., & Webster, C. S. (2009). The influence of various graphical and numeric trend display formats on the detection of simulated changes. Anaesthesia, 64(11), 1186-1191. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06082.x
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., French, R., & Brett, C. (2009). A predictive display of effect site sevoflurane levels does not influence the speed and accuracy of step changes. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 26(Suppl. 45), (pp. 132). Retrieved from http://www.euroanaesthesia.org/sitecore/content/Publications/~/media/Files/Publications/Abstract%20Books/Esa2009AbstractsEJA%20pdf.ashx
Kennedy, R., Young, P., Abbott, N., & French, R. (2009). Regional patterns of anaesthetic fresh gas flows. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 26(Suppl. 45), (pp. 17). Retrieved from http://www.euroanaesthesia.org/sitecore/content/Publications/~/media/Files/Publications/Abstract%20Books/Esa2009AbstractsEJA%20pdf.ashx
2008
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R., Minto, C., & Seethepalli, A. (2008). Effect-site half-time for burst suppression is longer than for hypnosis during anaesthesia with sevoflurane. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 100(1), 72-77. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem314
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2008). Changing patterns in anesthetic fresh gas flow rates over 5 years in a teaching hospital. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 106(5), 1487-1490.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., McKellow, M., Brett, C., & French, R. (2008). EC50 for LMA insertion using an effect site model during rapid wash of sevoflurane. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 36(4), (pp. 596). [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. (2008, November). Monitoring in the operating theatre 2: The present, the past and the future... Verbal presentation at the Medical Sciences Congress, Queenstown, New Zealand.
2007
Journal - Research Article
Gendall, K. A., Kennedy, R. R., Watson, A. J., & Frizelle, F. A. (2007). The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery. Colorectal Disease, 9(7), 584-598. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.01274.x
Gendall, K. A., Raniga, S., Kennedy, R., & Frizelle, F. A. (2007). The impact of obesity on outcome after major colorectal surgery. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 50(12), 2223-2237.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., & Frizelle, F. (2007). The effect of ASA status and the magnitude of surgery on long term survival in the absence of malignancy. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 35(2), (pp. 636). [Abstract]
Kennedy, R., & Cathcart, D. (2007). The effect of Trigg's Tracking Variable on the detection of changes. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 35(2), (pp. 636-637). [Abstract]
2006
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. (2006). Predictive performance of a model of anaesthetic uptake with desflurane. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 34(2), 197-202.
Kennedy, R. R., & Sakowska, M. M. (2006). The relationship between calculated effect-site sevoflurane levels and awakening from anaesthesia. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 34(6), 713-718.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R., & Sakowska, M. M. (2006). Estimated effect site levels on awakening from sevoflurane anaesthesia: A pilot observational study. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 34(1), (pp. 116). [Abstract]
Kennedy, R. R., Drummond, G. B., & Knaggs, C. L. (2006). Effect-site concentration at induction of anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 97(3), (pp. 438P-439P). doi: 10.1093/bja/ael146
Kennedy, R. (2006). Predictive performance of a simple model of anaesthetic uptake with enflurane and halothane. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 34(4), (pp. 533). [Abstract]
Kennedy, R., French, R. A., & Enright, E. (2006). Fresh gas flow audit revisited: Does real-time information affect behaviour? Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 34(4), (pp. 533). [Abstract]
2005
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R. (2005). The effect of using different values for the effect-site equilibrium half-time on the prediction of effect-site sevoflurane concentration: A simulation study. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 101, 1023-1028.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R., Seethepalli, A., & Minto, C. (2005). The effect site half time of sevoflurane for burst suppression is longer than for hypnosis as determined by the bispectral index during routine anaesthesia and surgery. Proceedings of the ESA Conference. [Abstract]
Kennedy, R. R. (2005). Changes in the value used for effect site equilibrium half time do not have major effects on predicted sevoflurane effect site concentrations: A simulation study. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 33(5), (pp. 672). [Abstract]
2004
Journal - Research Article
Turner, M. J., McCulloch, T. J., Kennedy, R. R., & Baker, A. B. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane uptake into the brain. Anaesthesia, 59, 1201-1206.
Kennedy, R. R., French, R. A., & Gilles, S. (2004). The effect of a model-based predictive display on the control of end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations during low-flow anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 99, 1159-1163.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. (2004). Pilot study of the relationship between calculated brain sevoflurane levels and bispectral index values of 60 or 70. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 32(6), (pp. 841). [Abstract]
2003
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2003). The effect of the interval between blood pressure determinations on the delay in the detection of changes: A computer simulation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 96, 944-948.
Kennedy, R., & French, R. (2003). An audit of anaesthetic fresh-gas flow rates and volatile anaesthetic use in a teaching hospital. New Zealand Medical Journal, 116(1174). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/116-1174/438/content.pdf
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R., & Giles, S. (2003). Performance of a predicitve model of anaesthetic uptake with desflurane. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 20(30), (pp. 121). [Abstract]
Kennedy, R. R., Giles, S., & French, R. A. (2003). Use of a model based predictive display to guide end-tidal sevoflurane during low flow anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 20(30), (pp. 121). [Abstract]
Kennedy, R., Merry, A., & Mann, N. (2003). A graphical trend display leads to more rapid detection of changes. New Zealand Medical Journal, 116(1180). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/116-1180/568/content.pdf
Kennedy, R. R. (2003). Development of a real time predictive display of effect site concentration for volatile anaesthetics. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 31(6), (pp. 694). [Abstract]
French, R. A., Brett, R., Kennedy, R. R., & Grayling, M. (2003). Thermal impact profiling: A tool to assess the thermal effect of warming strategies for intravenous fluid. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 31(6), (pp. 684). [Abstract]
Kennedy, R. R., Mann, N., Giles, S., & Merry, A. F. (2003). A numerical trend display does not aid the detection of changes. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 31(6), (pp. 692). [Abstract]
2002
Journal - Research Article
Audeau, A., Newell, P., Dobbs, B. R., Frizelle, F. A., & Kennedy, R. R. (2002). Postoperative epidural analgesia following elective major abdominal surgery in high risk patients. New Zealand Medical Journal, 115(1148), 69-72.
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Kennedy, R. R., French, R. A., & Spence, C. (2002). Predictive accuracy of a model of volatile anaesthetic uptake. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 95(6), 1616-1621.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R., Spence, C., French, R. A., & Shipton, E. A. (2002). Predictive accuracy of a model of volatile anaesthetic uptake. Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 94(5), (pp. S316). Baltimore: International Anaesthesia Research Society. [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2002, May). A system to guide target controlled volatile anaesthesia. Verbal presentation at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Scientific Meeting (ANZCA ASM), Brisbane, Australia.
2001
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R., & Baker, A. B. (2001). The effects of cardiac output changes on the end-tidal volatile anaesthetic concentrations. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 29(5), 535-538.
Kennedy, R. R., & French, R. A. (2001). A breathing circuit disconnection detected by anesthetic agent monitoring. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia / Journal canadien d'anesthésie, 48(9), 847-849.
Mitchell, A. M., & Kennedy, R. R. (2001). Preoperative core temperatures in elective surgical patients show an unexpected skewed distribution. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia / Journal canadien d'anesthésie, 48(9), 850-853.
Kennedy, R. R., & Baker, A. B. (2001). The effect of cardiac output changes on end-expired volatile anaesthetic concentrations - a theoretical study. Anaesthesia, 56(11), 1034-1040.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R. (2001). 'Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia?' The dissector. The Journal of Operating Room Nurses of New Zealand. 29(1), (pp. 111). [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. R. (2001, November). Validation of a simple model of volatile anaesthetic uptake. Verbal presentation at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the New Zealand Anaesthesia Education Committee, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Woods, J., Laurenson, V. G., & Kennedy, R. R. (2001, October). An audit of fresh gas flow rates and volatile anaesthetic use. Verbal presentation at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australian Society of Anaesthetists, Canberra, Australia.
2000
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R. (2000). Optimising the interval between non-invasive blood pressure determinations. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 16(2), (pp. 84). [Abstract]
Audeau, A., Newell, P., Frizelle, F. A., & Kennedy, R. R. (2000). Post-operative epidural analgesia in high risk patients: a retrospective cohort study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 70 (Suppl), (pp. A56). [Abstract]
Newell, P., Audeau, A., Frizelle, F. A., & Kennedy, R. R. (2000). Post-operative epidural analgesia in high risk patients: a retrospectiv cohort study. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 28(2), (pp. 219-220). [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kennedy, R. R. (2000, May). Using pulse rate change to determine the need for non-invasive blood pressure measurements. Verbal presentation at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Scientific Meeting, Melbourne.
Mitchell, A., & Kennedy, R. R. (2000, November). Preoperative patient core temperature audit. Verbal presentation at the Continuing Education Committee of Anaesthetists of New Zealand Annual Scientific Meeting, Aukland.
Kennedy, R. R. (2000, May). Changes in volatile uptake may signal changes in cardiac output. Verbal presentation at the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Annual Scientific Meeting, Melbourne.
1999
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kennedy, R. R. (1999). The effect of the interval between blood pressure determinations on the delay in detection of changes - a computer simulation. Combined CECANZ and Australian Society of Anaesthetists Annual Meeting, Dunedin. 27(1), (pp. 84). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Studholm, T., & Kennedy, R. R. (1999, August). Spirometery to confirm endotracheal tube placement. Verbal presentation at the Annual Scientific Meeting, Wellington, New Zealand.
1998
Journal - Research Article
French, R. A., & Kennedy, R. R. (1998). Common gas outlet disconnections with an Ayres T-piece. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 26, 665-670.
French, R. A., & Kennedy, R. R. (1998). Disconnect alarm failure in detection of common gas outlet disconnection. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 26(6), 665-670.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Chirnside, R., Kennedy, R. R., & Gin, T. (1998). Tidal volume ventilation induction of anaestheia with 8% sevoflurane with and without nitrous oxide. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 26(6), (pp. 678-679). [Abstract]
1997
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
MacPherson, J., Kennedy, R. R., & Gin, T. (1997). Comparison of oral premedication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: labetolol versus clonidine. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, 25(6), (pp. 720). [Abstract]
1996
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R. (1996). Linear approximation of Brody's equation to predict oxygen consumption. Journal of Clinical Monitoring & Computing, 12(1), 111-112.
1995
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, R. R. (1995). A modified Triggs Tracking Variable: as an 'advisory' alarm during anaesthesia. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring & Computing, 12, 197-204.