Associate Professor Anitra Carr's area of research expertise is the role of vitamin C in human health and disease. Associate Professor Carr has a background in biomedical research and carries out translational 'bench-to-bedside' studies. She is currently running both observational and interventional studies investigating the requirements for vitamin C in different disorders and the potential health effects of both oral and intravenous vitamin C. She is particularly interested in the role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic conditions such as severe infection, cancer and metabolic disorders.
Associate Professor Carr obtained a PhD from the Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, followed by an American Heart Association Post-doctoral Fellowship which was carried out at the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, USA. Whilst there she produced a number of high impact publications on the role of vitamin C in human health and disease; one of these supported the most recent increase of the US recommended dietary intakes for vitamin C by the US Food and Nutrition Board of the Institutes of Medicine.
Associate Professor Carr returned to the University of Otago, Christchurch, and was awarded a Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship from the Health Research Council of New Zealand to undertake research into the role of vitamin C in severe infection, specifically pneumonia and sepsis. She has also investigated the effects of intravenous vitamin C on cancer and chemotherapy-related symptoms and quality of life. Associate Professor Carr hopes to not only elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action of vitamin C, but to also improve the outcomes of patients with these conditions.
Research expertise
Vitamin C bioavailability and health effects; recommended dietary intakes; fatigue and quality of life; cancer; severe infection; clinical studies.
Carr, A.C and Rowe, S. The emerging role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020. 12, 3286. doi:10.3390/nu12113286.
Rowe S. and Carr A.C. Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A cause for concern? Nutrients, 2020, 12, 2008, 20 pages. doi.org/10.3390/nu12072008
Carr A.C. and Rowe S. Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: a global health perspective. Nutrients, 2020, 12, 1963, 19 pages. doi:10.3390/nu12071963
Carr AC and Lykkesfeldt, J. Discrepancies in global vitamin C recommendations: A review of RDA criteria and underlying health perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2020, 14 pages. doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1744513.
Liugan M and Carr AC. Vitamin C and neutrophil function: findings from randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 2019, 11, 2102; doi:10.3390/nu11092102.
Carr AC and Cook J. Intravenous vitamin C for cancer therapy – identifying the current gaps in our knowledge. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018. 9 (article 1182), 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01182.
Carr AC and Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017. 9 (11). pii: E1211. doi: 10.3390/nu9111211.
Carr AC, McCall C. The role of vitamin C in the treatment of pain: new insights. J Transl Med. 2017 Apr 14;15(1):77.
Carr A.C., Shaw, G.M., Fowler, A.A., Natarajan, R. Ascorbate-dependent vasopressor synthesis: a rationale for vitamin C administration in severe sepsis and septic shock? Critical Care. 2015. 19, 418.
Carr, AC, Vissers MC, Cook, JS. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related fatigue and quality of life. Frontiers Oncology, 2014. 4 (283), 1-7.
Carr, AC, Vissers, MCM. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C – are they equally bioavailable? Nutrients. 2013. 5, 4284-4304.
Carr, A.C., Zhu, B-Z, and Frei, B. Potential anti-atherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ Res. 2000. 87, 349-354.
Carr, A.C., Frei, B. The role of natural antioxidants in preserving the biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000. 28, 1806-1814.
Carr, A.C., McCall, M.R., Frei, B. Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species: reaction pathways and antioxidant protection. Arterio Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000. 20, 1716-1723.
Carr, A.C.,Frei, B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999. 69, 1086-1107.
Carr, A.C., Frei, B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J. 1999. 13, 1007-1024.
Lykkesfeldt, J., & Carr, A. C. (2023). Vitamin C1. Advances in Nutrition. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100155
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Lunt, H., Wareham, N. J., & Myint, P. K. (2023). Estimating vitamin C intake requirements in diabetes mellitus: Analysis of NHANES 2017-2018 and EPIC-Norfolk cohorts. Antioxidants, 12(10), 1863. doi: 10.3390/antiox12101863
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Vlasiuk, E., Zawari, M., Scott-Thomas, A., Storer, M., Maze, M., & Chambers, S. T. (2023). Low vitamin C concentrations in patients with community-acquired pneumonia resolved with pragmatic administration of intravenous and oral vitamin C. Antioxidants, 12, 1610. doi: 10.3390/antiox12081610
Journal - Research Article
Chambers, S. T., Scott-Thomas, A., Storer, M., Slow, S., Williman, J., Epton, M., Murdoch, D. R., Metcalf, S., Carr, A., Isenman, H., & Maze, M. (2023). Adjunctive intravenous then oral vitamin C for moderate and severe community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adults: Feasibility of randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 13, 11879. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37934-z
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Bradley, H. A., Vlasiuk, E., Pierard, H., Beddow, J., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2023). Inflammation and vitamin C in women with prenatal depression and anxiety: Effect of multinutrient supplementation. Antioxidants, 12, 941. doi: 10.3390/antiox12040941
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., & Lykkesfeldt, J. (2023). Factors affecting the vitamin C dose-concentration relationship: Implications for global vitamin C dietary recommendations. Nutrients, 15(7), 1657. doi: 10.3390/nu15071657
Journal - Research Article
Lunt, H., Carr, A. C., Heenan, H. F., Vlasiuk, E., Zawari, M., Prickett, T., & Frampton, C. (2023). People with diabetes and hypovitaminosis C fail to conserve urinary vitamin C. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 31, 100316. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2023.100316
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., & Zawari, M. (2023). Does aging have an impact on vitamin C status and requirements? A scoping review of comparative studies of aging and institutionalisation. Nutrients, 15, 915. doi: 10.3390/nu15040915
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., & Lykkesfeldt, J. (2023). Does aging affect vitamin C status relative to intake? Findings from NHANES 2017-2018. Nutrients, 15, 892. doi: 10.3390/nu15040892
Journal - Research Article
Vlasiuk, E., Rosengrave, P., Roberts, E., Boden, J. M., Shaw, G., & Carr, A. C. (2022). Critically ill septic patients have elevated oxidative stress biomarkers: Lack of attenuation by parenteral vitamin C. Nutrition Research, 108, 53-59. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.10.010
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Vlasiuk, E., Zawari, M., Meijer, N., Lauren, C., MacPherson, S., Williman, J., & Chambers, S. T. (2022). Supplementation with oral vitamin C prior to and during myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A pilot study. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1949. doi: 10.3390/antiox11101949
Journal - Research Article
Faatoese, A., Carr, A., John, C., Fakahau, T., Maoate, B., Skidmore, P., & Cameron, V. (2022, August). From screening to intervention: Vitamin C in the Pasifika Heart study. Verbal presentation at the Metabolic & Cardiovascular Disease Satellite Meeting: Queenstown Research Week, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Cant, N., Buchanan, M., Carr, A., & Boden, J. M. (2022). Cannabis use and patterns of psychotic symptomatology in a longitudinal birth cohort. New Zealand Medical Journal, 135(1562), 25-33. Retrieved from https://journal.nzma.org.nz/
Journal - Research Article
Heenan, H., Lunt, H., Carr, A., Spencer, E., Vollebregt, M., & Prickett, T. C. R. (2022). Urinary vitamin C excretion is inappropriately elevated in people with hypovitaminosis C and diabetes. Proceedings of the 45th New Zealand Society for the Study of Diabetes (NZSSD) Annual Scientific Meeting. (pp. 50). Retrieved from https://www.ivvy.com.au/event/NZSSD22/welcome.html
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C., Block, G., & Lykkesfeldt, J. (2022). Estimation of vitamin C intake requirements based on body weight: Implications for obesity. Nutrients, 14, 1460. doi: 10.3390/nu14071460
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., & Gombart, A. F. (2022). Multi-level immune support by vitamins C and D during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nutrients, 14, 689. doi: 10.3390/nu14030689
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Spencer, E., Heenan, H., Lunt, H., Vollebregt, M., & Prickett, T. C. R. (2022). Vitamin C status in people with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and varying degrees of renal dysfunction: Relationship to body weight. Antioxidants, 11(2), 245. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020245
Journal - Research Article
Rosengrave, P., Spencer, E., Williman, J., Mehrtens, J., Morgan, S., Doyle, T., Van Der Heyden, K., … Shaw, G., & Carr, A. C. (2022). Intravenous vitamin C administration to patients with septic shock: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Critical Care, 26(1), 26. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-03900-w
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, E., Rosengrave, P., Williman, J., Shaw, G., & Carr, A. C. (2022). Circulating protein carbonyls are specifically elevated in critically ill patients with pneumonia relative to other sources of sepsis. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 179, 208-212. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.029
Journal - Research Article
Fujii, T., Salanti, G., Belletti, A., Bellomo, R., Carr, A., Furukawa, T. A., … Young, P. J. (2022). Effect of adjunctive vitamin C, glucocorticoids, and vitamin B1 on longer-term mortality in adults with sepsis or septic shock: A systematic review and a component network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Medicine, 48, 16-24. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06558-0
Journal - Research Article
McCall, C., Crowe, M., & Carr, A. (2021). Understanding the patient experience and early clinical course of sepsis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, (pp. 24). doi: 10.1177/16094069211053959
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A., Rosengrave, P., & Spencer, E. (2021, May). Nutrition in medicine: To C or not to C (what clinical trials are telling us). UOC Research Seminar Series, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. [Research Presentation].
Other Research Output
Holford, P., Carr, A. C., Zawari, M., & Vizcaychipi, M. P. (2021). Vitamin C intervention for critical COVID-19: A pragmatic review of the current level of evidence. Life, 11, 1166. doi: 10.3390/life11111166
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S., Pullar, J., Spencer, E., Rosengrave, P., & Shaw, G. (2021). Neutrophils isolated from septic patients exhibit elevated uptake of vitamin C and normal intracellular concentrations despite a low vitamin C milieu. Antioxidants, 10(10), 1607. doi: 10.3390/antiox10101607
Journal - Research Article
Hemilä, H., Carr, A., & Chalker, E. (2021). Vitamin C may increase the recovery rate of outpatient cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection by 70%: Reanalysis of the COVID A to Z randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 674681. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674681
Journal - Research Article
Rowe, S., Collins, P. D., Stacey, S. E., & Carr, A. C. (2021). Micronutrients and respiratory infections: The biological rationale and current state of clinical evaluation. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 82(4). doi: 10.12968/hmed.2020.0730
Journal - Research Article
Pearson, A. G., Pullar, J. M., Cook, J., Spencer, E. S., Vissers, M. C. M., Carr, A. C., & Hampton, M. B. (2021). Peroxiredoxin 2 oxidation reveals hydrogen peroxide generation within erythrocytes during high-dose vitamin C administration. Redox Biology, 43, 101980. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101980
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C. (2021). Is "mega-dose" IV vitamin C required for septic and critical coronavirus disease 2019 patients? Critical Care Medicine, 49(4), e477-e478. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004873
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. (2021). Optimal nutrition to maximize immune function: Relevance to COVID-19 [Plenary]. In S. Iuliano, K. Livingstone, W. Stonehouse & A. Coates (Eds.) Proceedings, 72(1), 1.2. doi: 10.3390/proceedings2021072001
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Dachs, G. U., Gandhi, J., Wohlrab, C., Carr, A. C., Morrin, H. R., Pullar, J. M., Bayer, S. B., Eglinton, T. W., Robinson, B. A., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2021). Vitamin C administration by intravenous infusion increases tumor ascorbate content in patients with colon cancer: A clinical intervention study. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, 600715. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.600715
Journal - Research Article
Hemilä, H., & Carr, A. (2021). Comment on "Therapeutic target and molecular mechanism of vitamin C-treated pneumonia: A systematic study of network pharmacology" by R. Li, C. Guo, Y. Li, X. Liang, L. Yang and W. Huang, Food Funct., 2020, 11, 4765. Food & Function, 12, 1371-1372. doi: 10.1039/d0fo02189j
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., & Lykkesfeldt, J. (2021). Discrepancies in global vitamin C recommendations: A review of RDA criteria and underlying health perspectives. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 61(5), 742-755. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1744513
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C. (2020). Vitamin C in pneumonia and sepsis. In Q. Chen & M. C. M. Vissers (Eds.), Vitamin C: New biochemical and functional insights. (pp. 115-135). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Chapter in Book - Research
Holford, P., Carr, A. C., Jovic, T. H., Ali, S. R., Whitaker, I. S., Marik, P. E., & Smith, A. D. (2020). Vitamin C: An adjunctive therapy for respiratory infection, sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients, 12(12), 3760. doi: 10.3390/nu12123760
Journal - Research Other
Spencer, E., Hoskin, T., Rosengrave, P., Kettle, A., Shaw, G., & Carr, A. (2020). Circulating myeloperoxidase is elevated in septic shock and is associated with systemic organ failure and mortality in critically ill patients. New Zealand Medical Journal, 133(1524), (pp. 145-146). Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C., & Rowe, S. (2020). The emerging role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients, 12, 3286. doi: 10.3390/nu12113286
Journal - Research Other
Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients, 12(4), 1181. doi: 10.3390/nu12041181
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., & Rowe, S. (2020). Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A global health perspective. Nutrients, 12, 1963. doi: 10.3390/nu12071963
Journal - Research Other
Rowe, S., & Carr, A. C. (2020). Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A cause for concern? Nutrients, 12, 2008. doi: 10.3390/nu12072008
Journal - Research Other
Spencer, E. S., Pitcher, T., Veron, G., Hannam, T., MacAskill, M., Anderson, T., Dalrymple-Alford, J., & Carr, A. C. (2020). Positive association of ascorbate and inverse association of urate with cognitive function in people with Parkinson’s disease. Antioxidants, 9(10), 1-13. doi: 10.3390/antiox9100906
Journal - Research Article
Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Reply to "Overstated claims of efficacy and safety: Comment on: Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181". Nutrients, 12, 2696. doi: 10.3390/nu12092696
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Spencer, E., Mackle, D., Hunt, A., Judd, H., Mehrtens, J., … Beaumont, M., Kaur, S., … Young, P. J. (2020). The effect of conservative oxygen therapy on systemic biomarkers of oxidative stress in critically ill patients. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 160, 13-18. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.018
Journal - Research Article
Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Reply to “Comment on: Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections”. Nutrients, 12(8), 2326. doi: 10.3390/nu12082326
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Spencer, E., Das, A., Meijer, N., Lauren, C., MacPherson, S., & Chambers, S. T. (2020). Patients undergoing myeloablative chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation exhibit depleted vitamin C status in association with febrile neutropenia. Nutrients, 12(6), 1879. doi: 10.3390/nu12061879
Journal - Research Article
Baxter-Parker, G., Gaddam, R. R., Moltchanova, E., Carr, A. C., Shaw, G., Chambers, S., & Gieseg, S. P. (2020). Oxidative stress and immune cell activation quantification in sepsis and non-sepsis critical care patients by neopterin/7,8-dihydroneopterin analysis. Pteridines, 31(1), 68-82. doi: 10.1515/pteridines-2020-0015
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C. (2020). Micronutrient status of COVID-19 patients: A critical consideration. Critical Care, 24, 349. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03085-0
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., & Rowe, S. (2020). Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A global health perspective. Preprints. Retrieved from https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0021/v1
Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report
Rowe, S., & Carr, A. C. (2020). Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A cause for concern? Preprints. Retrieved from https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202005.0394/v1
Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report
Yanase, F., Fujii, T., Naorungroj, T., Belletti, A., Luethi, N., Carr, A. C., … Bellomo, R. (2020). Harm of IV high-dose vitamin C therapy in adult patients: A scoping review. Critical Care Medicine, 48(7), e620-e628. doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004396
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Spencer, E., Dixon, L., & Chambers, S. (2020). Patients with community acquired pneumonia exhibit depleted vitamin C status and elevated oxidative stress. PrePrints. doi: 10.20944/preprints202004.0243.v1
Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report
Carr, A. C. (2020). Is the VITAMINS RCT indicating potential redundancy between corticosteroids and vitamin C? Critical Care, 24, 129. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02853-2
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C. (2020). A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Critical Care, 24, 133. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4
Journal - Research Other
Wall, C., MacFarlane, K., Carr, A., Day, A., & Gearry, R. (2020). Inadequate vitamin C status and association with inflammatory biomarkers in adults with active Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis, 14(Suppl. 1), (pp. S465-S466). doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.675
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Preprints. Retrieved from https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202003.0199/v1
Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report
Pullar, J. M., Dunham, S., Dachs, G. U., Vissers, M. C. M., & Carr, A. C. (2020). Erythrocyte ascorbate is a potential indicator of steady-state plasma ascorbate concentrations in healthy non-fasting individuals. Nutrients, 12(2), 418. doi: 10.3390/nu12020418
Journal - Research Article
Masse, M.-H., Menard, J., Sprague, S., Battista, M.-C., Cook, D. J., Guyatt, G. H., … Carr, A., … and on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. (2020). Lessening organ dysfunction with VITamin C (LOVIT): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 21, 42. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3834-1
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Spencer, E., Hoskin, T. S., Rosengrave, P., Kettle, A. J., & Shaw, G. (2020). Circulating myeloperoxidase is elevated in septic shock and is associated with systemic organ failure and mortality in critically ill patients. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 152, 462-468. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.004
Journal - Research Article
Foster, M. N., Carr, A. C., Antony, A., Peng, S., & Fitzpatrick, M. G. (2019). Intravenous vitamin C administration improved blood cell counts and health-related quality of life of patient with history of relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (6.4). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Baillie, N., Carr, A. C., & Peng, S. (2019). The use of intravenous vitamin C as a supportive therapy for a patient with glioblastoma multiforme. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (6.3). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Prier, M., Carr, A. C., & Baillie, N. (2019). No reported renal stones with intravenous vitamin C administration: A prospective case series study. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (6.2). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A., Vissers, M., & Cook, J. (2019). Pharmacologic vitamin C improves fatigue and quality of life in cancer patients. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (6.1). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C. (2019). Vitamin C cofactor activities: Vasopressor synthesis. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (3.1). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C. (2019). Vitamin C Symposium 2019: "Vitamin C for Cancer and Infection: From Bench to Bedside" [Conference report]. Proceedings, 5(1), 3. doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Fujii, T., Belletti, A., Carr, A., Furukawa, T. A., Luethi, N., Putzu, A., … Bellomo, R. (2019). Vitamin C therapy for patients with sepsis or septic shock: A protocol for a systematic review and a network meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9(11), e033458. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033458
Journal - Research Other
Liugan, M., & Carr, A. C. (2019). Vitamin C and neutrophil function: Findings from randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 11, 2102. doi: 10.3390/nu11092102
Journal - Research Other
Zawari, M., Poller, B., Walker, G., Pearson, A., & Carr, A. C. (2019). Formulation of broccoli sprout powder in gastro-resistant capsules protects against the acidic pH of the stomach in vitro but does not increase isothiocyanate bioavailability in vivo. Antioxidants, 8(9), 359. doi: 10.3390/antiox8090359
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C. (2019). Duration of intravenous vitamin C therapy is a critical consideration. Critical Care & Resuscitation, 21(3), 220-221. [Letter].
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C. (2019). Vitamin C administration in the critically ill: A summary of recent meta-analyses. Critical Care, 23, 265. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2538-y
Journal - Research Other
Bozonet, S. M., & Carr, A. C. (2019). The role of physiological vitamin C concentrations on key functions of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals. Nutrients, 11(6), 1363. doi: 10.3390/nu11061363
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., & Cheng, C. P. (2019). Veins of the upper body. In C. P. Cheng (Ed.), Handbook of vascular motion. (pp. 225-246). London, UK: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815713-8.00011-5
Chapter in Book - Research
Hooper, M. H., Carr, A., & Marik, P. E. (2019). The adrenal-vitamin C axis: From fish to guinea pigs and primates. Critical Care, 23, 29. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2332-x
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C. (2018). Can a simple chemical help to both prevent and treat sepsis. Critical Care, 22, 247. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2161-3
Journal - Research Other
Baillie, N., Carr, A. C., & Peng, S. (2018). The use of intravenous vitamin C as a supportive therapy for a patient with glioblastoma multiforme. Antioxidants, 7(9), 115. doi: 10.3390/antiox7090115
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., & Cook, J. (2018). Intravenous vitamin C for cancer therapy: Identifying the current gaps in our knowledge. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1182. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01182
Journal - Research Article
Foster, M. N., Carr, A. C., Antony, A., Peng, S., & Fitzpatrick, M. G. (2018). Intravenous vitamin C administration improved blood cell counts and health-related quality of life of patient with history of relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. Antioxidants, 7(7), 92. doi: 10.3390/antiox7070092
Journal - Research Other
Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S. M., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2018). High vitamin C status is associated with elevated mood in male tertiary students. Antioxidants, 7(7), 91. doi: 10.3390/antiox7070091
Journal - Research Article
Wilson, R., Willis, J., Gearry, R. B., Hughes, A., Lawley, B., Skidmore, P., Frampton, C., Fleming, E., Anderson, A., Jones, L., Tannock, G. W., & Carr, A. C. (2018). SunGold kiwifruit supplementation of individuals with prediabetes alters gut microbiota and improves Vitamin C status, anthropometric and clinical markers. Nutrients, 10, 895. doi: 10.3390/nu10070895
Journal - Research Article
Prier, M., Carr, A. C., & Baillie, N. (2018). No reported renal stones with intravenous vitamin C administration: A prospective case series study. Antioxidants, 7(5), 68. doi: 10.3390/antiox7050068
Journal - Research Article
Pullar, J. M., Bayer, S., & Carr, A. C. (2018). Appropriate handling, processing and analysis of blood samples is essential to avoid oxidation of vitamin C to dehydroascorbic acid. Antioxidants, 7(2), 29. doi: 10.3390/antiox7020029
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Rosengrave, P. C., Bayer, S., Chambers, S., Mehrtens, J., & Shaw, G. M. (2017). Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. Critical Care, 21, 300. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1891-y
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C. (2017). Vitamin C requirements and mechanisms of action in severe infection [Invited]. Antioxidants, 6(4), 94. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040094
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C. (2017). Symposium on Vitamin C, 15th September 2017: Part of the Linus Pauling Institute’s 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health [Meeting report]. Antioxidants, 6(4), 94. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040094
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. doi: 10.3390/nu9111211
Journal - Research Article
Wilson, R., Willis, J., Gearry, R., Skidmore, P., Fleming, E., Frampton, C., & Carr, A. (2017). Inadequate vitamin C status in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Associations with glycaemic control, obesity, and smoking. Nutrients, 9(9), 997. doi: 10.3390/nu9090997
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., Vissers, M., & Shaw, G. (2017, July). Can vitamin C aid immune function in sepsis? Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Branch of the Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Annual Scientific Meeting, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. doi: 10.3390/nu9080866
Journal - Research Article
Pearson, J. F., Pullar, J. M., Wilson, R., Spittlehouse, J. K., Vissers, M. C. M., Skidmore, P. M. L., Willis, J., Cameron, V. A., & Carr, A. C. (2017). Vitamin C status correlates with markers of metabolic and cognitive health in 50-year-olds: Findings of the CHALICE Cohort Study. Nutrients, 9(8), 831. doi: 10.3390/nu9080831
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., & McCall, C. (2017). The role of vitamin C in the treatment of pain: New insights. Journal of Translational Medicine, 15, 77. doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1179-7
Journal - Research Other
Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S. M., Rosengrave, P., Kettle, A. J., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). Elevated seminal plasma myeloperoxidase is associated with a decreased sperm concentration in young men. Andrology, 5(3), 431-438. doi: 10.1111/andr.12327
Journal - Research Article
Conner, T. S., Brookie, K. L., Carr, A. C., Mainvil, L. A., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). Let them eat fruit! The effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on psychological well-being in young adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 12(2), e0171206. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171206
Journal - Research Article
Brookie, K. L., Mainvil, L. A., Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Conner, T. S. (2017). The development and effectiveness of an ecological momentary intervention to increase daily fruit and vegetable consumption in low-consuming young adults. Appetite, 108, 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.015
Journal - Research Article
Brookie, K., Mainvil, L., Carr, A., Vissers, M., & Conner, T. (2016). The effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on psychological wellbeing in young adults. European Health Psychology Society (EHPS) and the British Psychology Society Division of Health Psychology (DHP) Annual Conference. (pp. 499). Retrieved from http://ehps2016.org
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Vissers, M. C. M., Campbell, E. J., Kuiper, C., Carr, A. C., Wohlrab, C., Bozonet, S. M., Morrin, H., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2016). Ascorbate as an anti-cancer therapy? Investigations into feasibility and potential mechanism of action. Proceedings of the Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices, Discovery (D4) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/d4/index.html
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C., Pullar, J. M., Bozonet, S. M., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2016). Marginal ascorbate status (Hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. Nutrients, 8(6), 341. doi: 10.3390/nu8060341
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., Pullar, J., Bozonet, S., & Vissers, M. (2015). Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to supplementation. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia, 39, (pp. 71). Sydney, Australia: Nutrition Society of Australia. [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Brookie, K., Carr, A., Vissers, M., & Conner, T. (2015). Can an apple a day keep the psychologist away? The role of fruit and vegetable consumption in psychological well-being of young adults. Proceedings of the Psycolloquy Seminar. (pp. 12). Dunedin, New Zealand: Department of Psychology, University of Otago. Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/psychology/research/otago059081.html
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Carr, A. C., Shaw, G. M., Fowler, A. A., & Natarajan, R. (2015). Ascorbate-dependent vasopressor synthesis: A rationale for vitamin C administration in severe sepsis and septic shock? Critical Care, 19, 418. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-1131-2
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Cook, J. S. (2015). Parenteral vitamin C relieves chronic fatigue and pain in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and mononeuritis multiplex secondary to CNS vasculitis. Case Reports in Clinical Pathology, 2(2), 57-61. doi: 10.5430/crcp.v2n2p57
Journal - Research Other
Bozonet, S. M., Carr, A. C., Pullar, J. M., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2015). Enhanced human neutrophil vitamin C status, chemotaxis and oxidant generation following dietary supplementation with vitamin C-rich SunGold kiwifruit. Nutrients, 7(4), 2574-2588. doi: 10.3390/nu7042574
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Cook, J. S. (2014). The effect of intravenous vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related fatigue and quality of life. Frontiers in Oncology, 4, 283. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00283
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Cook, J. (2014). Parenteral vitamin C for palliative care of terminal cancer patients. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1396). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Cook, J. (2014). Relief from cancer chemotherapy side effects with pharmacologic vitamin C. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1388). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Journal - Research Other
Carr, A., Pullar, J., Forbes, L., & Rosengrave, P. (2014). Working mothers are disadvantaged by limited funding for health research. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1398). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Journal - Research Other
Dachs, G. U., Munn, D. G., Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Robinson, B. A. (2014). Consumption of vitamin C is below recommended daily intake in many cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Christchurch. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1390). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Journal - Research Other
Vissers, M. C. M., Carr, A. C., Pullar, J. M., & Bozonet, S. M. (2013). The bioavailability of vitamin C from kiwifruit. In M. Boland & P. J. Moughan (Eds.), Nutritional benefits of kiwifruit. (pp. 125-147). Waltham, MA: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00007-9
Chapter in Book - Research
Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2013). Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C—are they equally bioavailable? Nutrients, 5(11), 4284-4304. doi: 10.3390/nu5114284
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S. M., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2013). A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C. Nutrients, 5(11), 4451-4461. doi: 10.3390/nu5114451
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S. M., Pullar, J. M., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2013). Mood improvement in young adult males following supplementation with gold kiwifruit, a high-vitamin C food. Journal of Nutritional Science, 2, e24. doi: 10.1017/jns.2013.12
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S. M., Pullar, J. M., Simcock, J. W., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2013). A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C. Nutrients, 5(9), 3684-3695. doi: 10.3390/nu5093684
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Bozonet, S. M., Pullar, J. M., Simcock, J. W., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2013). Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97, 800-807. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.053207
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Pullar, J. M., Moran, S., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2012). Bioavailability of vitamin C from kiwifruit in non-smoking males: Determination of ‘healthy’ and ‘optimal’ intakes. Journal of Nutritional Science, 1, e14. doi: 10.1017/jns.2012.15
Journal - Research Article
Vissers, M. C. M., Carr, A. C., & Winterbourn, C. C. (2001). Fatty acid chlorohydrins and bromohydrins are cytotoxic to human endothelial cells. Redox Report, 6, 49-55. doi: 10.1179/135100001101536030
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., van den Berg, J. J. M., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1998). Differential reactivities of hypochlorous and hypobromous acids with purified E.coli phospholipid: formation of haloamines and halohydrins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: General Subjects, 1392, 254-264.
Journal - Research Article
Vissers, M. C. M., Carr, A. C., & Chapman, A. L. P. (1998). A comparison of human red cell lysis by hypochlorous and hypobromous acid: insights into the mechanism of lysis. Biochemical Journal, 330, 131-138. doi: 10.1042/bj3300131
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C., Domigan, N. M., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1997). Modification of red cell membrane lipids by hypochlorus acid and haemolysis by preformed lipid chlorohydrins. Redox Report, 3, 263-271.
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1997). Oxidation of neutrophil glutathione and protein thiols by myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid. Biochemical Journal, 327(1), 275-281.
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., Winterbourn, C. C., Blunt, J. W. W., Phillips, A., & Abell, A. D. (1997). Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of 6a-chloro-5b-cholestane-3b, 5-diol formed from the reaction of hypochlorous acid with cholesterol. Lipids, 32(4), 363-367.
Journal - Research Article
Domigan, N. M., Carr, A. C., Lewis, J. G., Elder, P. A., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1997). A monoclonal antibody recognizing the chlorohydrin derivatives of oleic acid for probing hypochlorous acid involvement in tissue injury. Redox Report, 3(2), 111-117.
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., van den Berg, J. J. M., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1996). Chlorination of cholesterol in cell membranes by hypochlorous acid. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 332, 63-69.
Journal - Research Article
Carr, A., Winterbourn, C. C., & van den Berg, J. J. M. (1996). Peroxidase-mediated bromination of unsaturated fatty acids to form bromohydrins. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 327, 227-233.
Journal - Research Article
Inder, T. E., Carr, A. C., Winterbourn, C. C., Austin, N. C., & Darlow, B. A. (1995). Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants: Development of an improved parenteral delivery system. Journal of Pediatrics, 126(1), 128-131. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70515-5
Journal - Research Article
Kettle, A. J., Carr, A. C., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1994). Assays using horseradish peroxidase and phenolic substrates require superoxide dismutase for accurate determination of hydrogen peroxide production by neutrophils. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 17(2), 161-164.
Journal - Research Article
Thomas, C., Carr, A. C., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1994). Free radical inactivation of rabbit muscle creatinine kinase: Catalysis by physiological and hydrolized ICRF-187 (ICRF-198) iron chelates. Free Radical Research, 21(6), 387-397.
Journal - Research Article
Winterbourn, C. C., & Carr, A. C. (1993). Myeloperoxidase-dependent loss of malondialdehyde: A limitation for detecting neutrophil-mediated lipid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 302(2), 461-467. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1240
Journal - Research Article
Director, Nutrition in Medicine Research Group