Profile

Contact Details

Phone: +64 3 479 4377
Email: shyamala.nada-raja@otago.ac.nz

University Links

Position: Senior Research Fellow
Qualifications: BSc PGDipSci(Credit) MSc(Dist) PhD(Otago)
Research summary: Wellbeing; mental health; violence prevention
Teaching: Undergraduate and postgraduate guest lectures on the epidemiology of self-harm and suicide and the application of web-based interventions to address mental health and self-harm.
Clinical: Application of web-based interventions for mental health in primary care and small community clinical settings.

Research

Determinants of mental health and wellbeing in youth, including college students
Epidemiology of self-harm/suicide/violence
Web-based interventions for mental health and wellbeing

Additional details

Dr Shyamala Nada-Raja has been employed as an academic staff member with the University since 1987. Most of her research positions and that of her team have been funded through externally competitive grants that she has secured from institutions such as the Health Research Council, Accident Compensation Corporation, and Lottery Health. Her research background is in areas of mental health epidemiology, Violence and suicide prevention, eHealth interventions and youth and wellbeing.

Currently Dr Nada-Raja is working on a Pacific Students’ mental health and wellbeing research programme.

Dr Shyamala Nada-Raja is of Sri Lankan descent.

Publications

Sopoaga, F., Nada-Raja, S., & Lameta, M. (2025). Tertiary institution's duty of care for the health and well-being of Pacific students during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Primary Health Care, 17(1), 17-22. doi: 10.1071/HC24039 Journal - Research Article

Stewart, C., Bennett-Fakahau, I., Nada-Raja, S., & Stewart, K. (2025). Exploring the relationship between trout fishing and wellbeing: Insights from Aotearoa New Zealand trout anglers. Kōtuitui, 20(1), 98-115. doi: 10.1080/1177083X.2024.2347409 Journal - Research Article

Sopoaga, L., Nada-Raja, S., Colhoun, S., Leckie, T., & Sopoaga, F. (2024). First-year Pacific students' perception of their well-being journey at university in Aotearoa New Zealand. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(11), 756-779. doi: 10.4236/jss.2024.1211051 Journal - Research Article

Sopoaga, F., Nada-Raja, S., & Wilkinson, T. (2024). Folauga: A model to support the retention and success of Pacific students in higher education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12, 278-301. doi: 10.4236/jss.2024.128018 Journal - Research Article

McAnally, H. M., Wiki Te Oi, A., Nada-Raja, S., & Hancox, R. J. (2024). The longitudinal association of childhood and adolescent television viewing with substance use disorders and disordered gambling in adulthood up to age 45. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 22, 1116-1127. doi: 10.1007/s11469-022-00918-7 Journal - Research Article

2025

Journal - Research Article

2024

Journal - Research Article

2023

Journal - Research Article

Sopoaga, F., Nada-Raja, S., Leckie, T., Samaranayaka, A., & Covello, S. (2023). Mental health and well-being of first year Pacific students at a New Zealand university. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11, 365-381. doi: 10.4236/jss.2023.117026

2022

Journal - Research Article

Cheung, G., Bala, S., Lyndon, M., Ma'u, E., Rivera Rodriguez, C., Waters, D. L., Jamieson, H., Nada-Raja, S., … Walker, X. (2022). Impact of the first wave of COVID-19 on the health and psychosocial well-being of Māori, Pacific Peoples and New Zealand Europeans living in aged residential care. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 41, 293-300. doi: 10.1111/ajag.13025

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Crichton, B., Ross, J., & Nada-Raja, S. (2022). Evaluating adaptations to the new Integrated Primary Mental Health and Addiction Services (IPMHA) in smaller practices. Proceedings of the New Zealand Primary Care Research Colloquium. (pp. 4-5). Retrieved from https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/fmhs/about-the-faculty/soph/sections-departments-centres/general-practice-and-primary-health-care/research-interests.html

Ross, J., Crichton, B., & Nada-Raja, S. (2022). New Zealand's integrated Primary Mental Health and Addiction services: A multiple case study critical and appreciative inquiry. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 28(4), (pp. liii). doi: 10.1071/PYv28n4abs

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Symon, V., Nada-Raja, S., Sopoaga, F., Sopoaga, L., Norris, P., Ruhe, T., Kokaua, J., Richards, R., … Isno, L., George, M., Iosua, E., & Keown, S. (2022, November). The show must go on: Research in a time of COVID. Verbal presentation at the COVID-19’s Impact on Teaching and Learning at the University of Otago: Lessons Learned Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2021

Journal - Research Other

Koziol-McLain, J., Wilson, D., Vandal, A. C., Eruera, M., Nada-Raja, S., Dobbs, T., … Barbarich-Unasa, T. W. (2021). Evaluation of a healthy relationship smartphone app with indigenous young people: Protocol for a co-designed stepped wedge randomized trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 10(12), e24792. doi: 10.2196/24792

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Coulter, H. J., Ross, J. M., & Nada-Raja, S. (2021). Te taha hinengaro ki Waitaki: Mental distress and wellbeing service provision in the Waitaki District. New Zealand Medical Journal, 134(1543), (pp. 157). Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

2020

Journal - Research Article

Sopoaga, F., Nada-Raja, S., Leckie, T., & Samaranayaka, A. (2020). Mental health and wellbeing of Pacific students: Protocol of a Pacific perspective study. Pacific Health Dialog, 21(5), 272-280. doi: 10.26635/phd.2020.626

Kumpula, E.-K., Lambie, B., Quigley, P., Nada-Raja, S., & Norris, P. (2020). Prescribers aware: A cross-sectional study from New Zealand emergency departments on the substances used in intentional self-poisoning and their sources. Journal of Primary Health Care, 12(3), 235-243. doi: 10.1071/HC20017

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2020, February). Does mattering matter? Impact on first year students' mental well-being. Verbal presentation at the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine In-House Convention, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2019

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Doolan-Noble, F., & Nada-Raja, S. (2019). Are we looking at rural wellbeing through the right lens? Proceedings of the Centre for Health Systems and Technology (CHeST) Annual Symposium. Retrieved from https://www.otago.ac.nz/healthsystems

Kumpula, E., Quigley, P., Nada-Raja, S., & Norris, P. (2019). Describing intentional self-poisoning: Edging in through two emergency department datasets. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 31(Suppl. 1), (pp. 41). [Abstract]

Kumpula, E., Lambie, B., Quigley, P., Nada-Raja, S., & Norris, P. (2019). Getting specific: Collecting substance data at the emergency department to address intentional self-poisoning. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 31(Suppl. 1), (pp. 39). [Abstract]

2018

Journal - Research Article

Sopoaga, F., van der Meer, J., Nada-Raja, S., Wilkinson, T., & Jutel, S. (2018). Mental health and wellbeing of Pacific students starting University in New Zealand. Pacific Health Dialog, 21(2), 71-79. doi: 10.26635/phd.2018.916

Koziol-McLain, J., Vandal, A. C., Wilson, D., Nada-Raja, S., Dobbs, T., McLean, C., … Glass, N. E. (2018). Efficacy of a web-based safety decision aid for women experiencing intimate partner violence: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(12), e426. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8617

Coppersmith, D. D. L., Nada-Raja, S., & Beautrais, A. L. (2018). An examination of suicide research and funding in New Zealand 2006–16: Implications for new research and policies. Australian Health Review, 42(3), 356-360. doi: 10.1071/AH16189

2017

Journal - Research Article

Kumpula, E.-K., Nada-Raja, S., Norris, P., & Quigley, P. (2017). A descriptive study of intentional self-poisoning from New Zealand national registry data. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(5), 535-540. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12702

Coppersmith, D. D. L., Nada-Raja, S., & Beautrais, A. L. (2017). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.029

Allenby, R., Dobbs, T., Diesfeld, K., Nada Raja, S., Wilson, D., & Koziol-McLain, J. (2017). Safety in online research with women experiencing intimate partner violence: What about the children? Ethics & Behavior, 27(1), 26-42. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2016.1140579

Other Research Output

Nada-Raja, S. (2017, October). Online mindfulness intervention in residential colleges. Public Health Seminar Series, Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, University of Otago, in association with The Public Health Association Otago/Southland, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Department Seminar].

2016

Journal - Research Article

Koziol-McLain, J., McLean, C., Rohan, M., Sisk, R., Dobbs, T., Nada-Raja, S., … Vandal, A. C. (2016). Participant recruitment and engagement in automated eHealth trial registration: Challenges and opportunities for recruiting women who experience violence. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(10), e281. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6515

Boucher, S., Edwards, O., Gray, A., Nada-Raja, S., Lillis, J., Tylka, T. L., & Horwath, C. C. (2016). Teaching intuitive eating and acceptance and commitment therapy skills via a web-based intervention: A pilot single-arm intervention study. JMIR Research Protocols, 5(4), e180. doi: 10.2196/resprot.5861

Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., Batterham, P. J., Butterworth, P., & Nada-Raja, S. (2016). The impact of suicidality on health-related quality of life: A latent growth curve analysis of community-based data. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.067

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Nada-Raja, S. (2016). International students' psychological wellbeing: Findings from an exploratory study. Proceedings of the Otago Global Health Institute (OGHI) 9th Annual Conference. (pp. 7). Retrieved from http://dnmeds.otago.ac.nz/departments/psm/research/international_hlth/conference/

2015

Journal - Research Article

Cornwall, J., Schafer, C., Lal, N., D'Costa, R., & Nada-Raja, S. (2015). New Zealand university students' knowledge and attitudes to organ and tissue donation. New Zealand Medical Journal, 128(1418). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Koziol-McLain, J., Vandal, A. C., Nada-Raja, S., Wilson, D., Glass, N. E., Eden, K. B., … Case, J. (2015). A web-based intervention for abused women: The New Zealand isafe randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Public Health, 15, 56. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1395-0

Journal - Research Other

Macleod, E., Nada-Raja, S., Beautrais, A., Shave, R., & Jordan, V. (2015). Primary prevention of suicide and suicidal behaviour for adolescents in school settings (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD007322. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007322.pub2

Cornwall, J., Schafer, C., D'Costa, R., Lal, N., & Nada-Raja, S. (2015). Do non-body donors understand what the term “Body donation” really means? Anatomical Sciences Education, 8(6), 593-594. doi: 10.1002/ase.1561

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Boucher, S., Edwards, O., Horwath, C., Gray, A., Nada-Raja, S., Tylka, T., & Lillis, J. (2015). Developing a web-based intervention to teach 'intuitive eating' skills for long-term weight management. Proceedings of the Society for Prevention Research (SPR) 23rd Annual Meeting. 136. Retrieved from https://www.preventionresearch.org/

Boucher, S., Edwards, O., Tylka, T., Lillis, J., Nada-Raja, S., Gray, A., & Horwath, C. (2015). Teaching intuitive eating and ACT skills for long-term weight management via a web-based intervention: An acceptability study. Proceedings of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science Australia & New Zealand Chapter (ANZ ACBS) Conference. (pp. 20-21). Retrieved from http://www.anzacbsconference.com/

Nada-Raja, S., Schäfer, C., Cornwall, J., Lal, N., & D'Costa, R. (2015). New Zealand university students' knowledge and attitudes to organ and tissue donation. Proceedings of the Public Health Association Conference. (pp. 104). Retrieved from https://www.ivvy.com/event/PHA15/

Boucher, S., Edwards, O., Gray, A., Nada-Raja, S., Tylka, T., Lillis, J., & Horwath, C. (2015). The design and feasibility of a web-based intuitive eating intervention for overweight mid-age women. Proceedings of the Public Health Association Conference. (pp. 70-71). Retrieved from https://www.ivvy.com/event/PHA15/

Garbett, P., & Nada-Raja, S. (2015). Online gatekeeper training in suicide prevention for university residential assistants. Proceedings of the Public Health Association Conference. (pp. 65). Retrieved from https://www.ivvy.com/event/PHA15/

2014

Journal - Research Article

Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Nada-Raja, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2014). Suicide attempt in young people: A signal for long-term health care and social needs. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(2), 119-127. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2803

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2014, September). Avatar-based training simulation for young people's mental health: A pilot study with university residential assistants. Verbal presentation at the Veterans' Health Research Theme Annual Colloquium: Lessons from the Past, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2013

Journal - Research Article

McGee, R., Williams, S., Nada-Raja, S., & Olsson, C. A. (2013). Tobacco smoking in adolescence predicts maladaptive coping styles in adulthood. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(12), 1971-1977. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntt081

Olsson, C. A., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S., & Williams, S. M. (2013). A 32-year longitudinal study of child and adolescent pathways to well-being in adulthood. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 1069-1083. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9369-8

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2013, November). Treatment of depression in adolescence. Verbal presentation at the Paediatric Society of New Zealand 65th Annual Scientific Meeting, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Nada-Raja, S. (2013, September). Online psychological therapies for mental health and their relevance to the well-being of veterans. Verbal presentation at the University of Otago Research Theme Annual Colloquium: Health of Veterans, Serving Personnel and their Families, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2012

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Nada-Raja, S., & Knightbridge, K. (2012). Preliminary findings from the evaluation of an internet-based depression treatment programme (RID Trial) in New Zealand. Injury Prevention, 18(Suppl. 1), (pp. A33-A34). doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040580c.35

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2012, September). Development and evaluation of an internet-based depression treatment programme. Keynote presentation at the Suicide Prevention Conference: Ideas, Innovation, Implementation, Auckland, New Zealand.

2011

Journal - Research Article

Nada-Raja, S., & Skegg, K. (2011). Victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology, and later nonsuicidal self-harm in a birth cohort. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(9), 3667-3681. doi: 10.1177/0886260511403757

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2011, November). Overview of an exploratory study on psychological therapies for well-being in schools. Verbal presentation at the Otago Child and Adolescent Well-Being Research Forum, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Nada-Raja, S. (2011, December). Victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology, and later non-suicidal self-harm in a birth cohort. Verbal presentation at the Australasian Society for Psychiatric Research (ASPR) Conference: From Idea to Implementation, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Nada-Raja, S., & Knightbridge, K. (2011, December). First steps in implementing a national trial of online psychological interventions to reduce depression. Verbal presentation at the Australasian Society for Psychiatric Research (ASPR) Conference: From Idea to Implementation, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2010

Journal - Research Article

Marsh, L., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S., & Williams, S. (2010). Text bullying and traditional bullying among New Zealand secondary school students. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 237-240. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.06.001

Skegg, K., Nada-Raja, S., Dickson, N., & Paul, C. (2010). Perceived ″out of control″ sexual behavior in a cohort of young adults from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 968-978. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9504-8

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Nada-Raja, S. (2010). The relevance of online therapy in primary care: Progress and examples from the RID trial. Proceedings of the General Practice Symposium: Controversies in Healthcare: Mental Health: Are We on the Right Track? Retrieved from http://www.events4you.co.nz/GP2010/programme.html

2009

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Nada-Raja, S. (2009). Recovery via Internet from Depression (RID) trial: Opportunities, challenges, and rewards. Australasian Epidemiologist. 16(2), (pp. 83). [Abstract]

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2009, November). An injury prevention framework to address self-inflicted violence in developing countries. Verbal presentation at the 2nd Otago International Health Research Network Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2008

Journal - Research Article

Marsh, L., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S., & Williams, S. (2008). Perceptions of physical aggression in New Zealand secondary schools. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 43(2), 89-104.

2007

Journal - Research Article

Marsh, L., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S., & Currey, N. (2007). Adolescents' perceptions of violence and its prevention. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31(3), 224-229.

Skegg, K., Nada-Raja, S., Paul, C., & Skegg, D. C. G. (2007). Body piercing, personality, and sexual behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 47-54.

2006

Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report

Beautrais, A. L., Fergusson, D. M., with the assistance of the Suicide Research Network, including Baxter, J., Collings, C., Doughty, C., Horwood, L. J., Mulder, R., Nada-Raja, S., Poulton, R., Skegg, K., & Surgenor, L. (2006). New Zealand Suicide Prevention Strategy 2006 - 2016: Advancing the action plan. Working Paper 2: The role and contribution to suicide prevention policy of restricting access to methods. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury Suicide Project. 14p.

2005

Journal - Research Article

McGee, R., Williams, S., & Nada-Raja, S. (2005). Is cigarette smoking associated with suicidal ideation among young people? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 619-620.

Other Research Output

Langley, J., & Nada-Raja, S. (2005). Draft New Zealand Suicide Prevention Strategy: Submission to the Ministry of Health. Dunedin, New Zealand: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago. (pp. 1-9). [Government Submission].

2004

Journal - Research Article

Skegg, K., Nada-Raja, S., & Moffitt, T. E. (2004). Minor self-harm and psychiatric disorder: A population-based study. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 34(2), 187-196.

Nada-Raja, S., Skegg, K., Langley, J., Morrison, D., & Sowerby, P. (2004). Self-harmful behaviors in a population-based sample of young adults. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 34(2), 177-186.

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Nada-Raja, S. (2004). One in eight young adults have deliberately harmed themselves. New Zealand Injury Control Bulletin, (30), 3.

Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)

Nada-Raja, S., Morrison, D., & Skegg, K. (2004, October). Help-seeking and barriers to seeking help for self-harm among young adults. Poster session presented at the 11th Annual Suicide Prevention Australia National Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Nada-Raja, S. (2004, October). An overview of research on self-harm in young adults from a New Zealand birth cohort. Verbal presentation at the 11th Annual Suicide Prevention Australia National Conference, Sydney, Australia.

2003

Journal - Research Article

Nada-Raja, S., Morrison, D. N., & Skegg, K. M. (2003). A population-based study of help-seeking for self-harm in young adults. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 600-605.

Skegg, K. M., Nada-Raja, S., Dickson, N. P., Paul, C. E., & Williams, S. (2003). Sexual orientation and self-harm in men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 541-546.

2001

Journal - Research Article

McGee, R. O., Williams, S. M., & Nada-Raja, S. (2001). Low self-esteem and hopelessness in childhood and suicidal ideation in early adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(4), 281-291.

Feehan, M., Nada-Raja, S., Martin, J. A., & Langley, J. D. (2001). The prevalence and correlates of psychological distress following physical and sexual assault in a young adult cohort. Violence & Victims, 16(1), 49-63.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Nada-Raja, S. (2001). Self-harmful behaviours in a birth cohort of young adults. Weaving the Strands: Collaborating, Co-ordinating and Creating a Safety Culture. (pp. 40). Wellington: The Injury Prevention Network of Aotearoa New Zealand. [Abstract]

Awarded Doctoral Degree

Nada-Raja, S. (2001). A longitudinal study of predictors for physical assault victimisation and suicidality in young adults (PhD). University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 439p.

2000

Journal - Research Article

Langley, J. D., Nada-Raja, S., & Alsop, J. C. (2000). Changes in methods of male youth suicide: 1980-95. New Zealand Medical Journal, 113, 264-265.

1999

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

McGee, R. O., & Nada-Raja, S. (1999). Youth suicide in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 112, 304.

1998

Journal - Research Article

Reeder, A. I., Alsop, J. C., Begg, D. J., Nada-Raja, S., & McLaren, R. L. (1998). A longitudinal investigation of psychological and social predictors of traffic convictions among young New Zealand drivers. Transportation Research Part F, Part F(1), 25-45.

Martin, J. L., Nada-Raja, S., Langley, J. D., Feehan, M., McGee, R. O., Clarke, J. A., Begg, D. J., … Moffitt, T. E., & Rivara, F. P. (1998). Physical assault in New Zealand: the experience of 21 year old men and women in a community sample. New Zealand Medical Journal, 111, 158-160.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Nada-Raja, S., Skegg, K. M., Langley, D., & McGee, R. O. (1998). The prevalence of deliberate self-harm among adults in the community - a pilot study to develop and test a suitable questionnaire. In R. J. Kosky, H. S. Eshkevari, R. D. Goldney & R. Hassan (Eds.), Suicide Prevention: The Global Context. 395. New York: Plenum Press. [Abstract]

Nada-Raja, S., McGee, R. O., Feehan, M., Langley, D., & Williams, S. M. (1998). Suicidal ideation and attempts in early adulthood in a community sample: prevalance and risk factors. In R. J. Kosky, H. S. Eshkevari, R. D. Goldney & R. Hassan (Eds.), Suicide Prevention: The Global Context. (pp. 328-329). New York: Plenum Press. [Abstract]

1997

Journal - Research Article

Langley, J. D., Martin, J. L., & Nada-Raja, S. (1997). Physical assault among 21-year-olds by partners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(5), 675-684.

Nada-Raja, S., Langley, J. D., McGee, R. O., Williams, S. M., Begg, D. J., & Reeder, A. I. (1997). Inattentive and hyperactive behaviors and driving offences in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 515-522.