I currently have two PhD projects in evolutionary theory available:
1. New Evolutionary Theory for the Maintenance of Genetic Variation (in conjunction with Tim Connallon, Monash University)
2. Novel Evolutionary Models Incorporating Epigenetic Inheritance (supported by the Marsden Fund)
I am also keen to hear from suitable students interested in other areas. Please contact me if you are interested in research projects in any of the following topics.
Population-Genetic Models for Genomically Imprinted Loci Genomic imprinting describes the unequal expression of paternally and maternally inherited genes in mammals. We are interested in the population-level consequences of this form of non-Mendelian expression.
Evolutionary Origin of Genomic Imprinting There have been several hypotheses proposed for the evolution of the unequal expression of paternally and maternally inherited genes in mammals. We are interested in examining these hypotheses rigorously, using novel mathematical models.
Phylogeography of Molluscs Molluscs often provide ideal models to investigate questions in phylogeography, including questions about the importance of dispersal. New Zealand (and the South Pacific in general) has a diverse terrestrial and marine molluscan fauna that has already provided such model systems. We are interested in using novel DNA data sets in phylogeographic investigations.
Testing the Power to Detect Neutral Polymorphisms Many of the statistical tests of the neutral hypothesis of evolution do not detect non-neutral systems easily. This project involves examining the power of a number of these tests for polymorphisms constructed by mutation and selection.
Frequency-Dependent Selection and Genetic Variation In theory, frequency-dependent selection can maintain large numbers of alleles in a population. We are interested in quantifying this ability and seeing if, in fact, this form of selection might be responsible for the standing variation observed in natural populations.
Evolutionary Genetics of Parental Effects It is becoming increasingly clear that parents pass on more than just their genes to the offspring. For example, experiments with a species of weedy cress have shown that non-genetic factors inherited from grandparents can even alter the genetic constitution of individual plants. This project will construct mathematical models that show how various parental effects can have long-term evolutionary implications.
Current & Recent Projects
Natural selection and the maintenance of genetic and epigenetic variation
Population-genetic models of selection at genomically imprinted loci
Philip Greenspoon, Postdoctoral Fellow, Epigenetics and Evolutionary Theory
Rebecca Cumming, PhD, Evolutionary Biogeography and Patterns of Dispersal in the Intertidal Slug Onchidella
Gert-Jan Jeunen, PhD, Evaluating Environmental DNA (eDNA) Metabarcoding as a Method for Monitoring Biodiversity in Marine Ecosystems
Katherine Lockton, MSc, Genetics of Lasaea in New Zealand
Bryce Peebles, PhD, Chiton Skeletal Genesis: Mechanics and Effects of Acidification
Gertje Petersen, PhD, The Role of Molecular Genetic Variation and Population Structure in the Genetic Improvement of the Honeybee
Kerry Walton, PhD, Ancient DNA Methods and Museum Biological Specimens
Scott Davidson, PhD, An Experimental Test of the Robustness of Sensitivity Analysis
Tim Byrne, PhD, Development and Comparison of Approaches to the Genetic Improvement of Sheep
Kirsten Donald, Postdoctoral Fellow, The Co-evolution of Topshells and Trematodes (supported by the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution)
Crid Fraser, PhD, Phylogeography of Bull Kelp, Durvillaea spp.
Jemma Geoghegan, PhD, Mathematical Population Epigenetics (supported by the National Research Centre for Growth and Development)
Martyn Kennedy, Postdoctoral Fellow, The Behaviour and Phylogeny of the Pelecaniformes (supported by the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution)
Anna Santure, PhD, Quantitative Genetic Models Incorporating Genomic Imprinting
Renate Sponer, PhD, Molecular Evolution in the Cosmopolitan, Brooding Brittle Star
Rick Stoffels, Postdoctoral Fellow, Population-genetic Theory of Frequency-dependent Selection (supported by the Marsden Fund )
Meredith Trotter, PhD, Frequency-dependent Selection and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation
Anton Weisstein, Postdoctoral Fellow, Population-genetic Models of the Evolution of Genomic Imprinting (supported by the Marsden Fund)
David Winter, PhD, Phylogeography of Pacific Landsnails (See also David's blog) (supported by the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution)
Alexey Yanchukov, Postdoctoral Fellow, Modelling the Evolutionary Genetics of Parental Effects (supported by the Marsden Fund )
Karawita, A., Cheng, Y., Chew, K. Y., Challagulla, A., Krause, R., Mueller, R. C., … Spencer, H. G., … Short, K. (2023). The swan genome and transcriptome, it is not all black and white. Genome Biology, 24(1), 13. doi: 10.1186/s13059-022-02838-0
Journal - Research Article
Walton, K., Scarsbrook, L., Mitchell, K. J., Verry, A. J. F., Marshall, B. A., Rawlence, N. J., & Spencer, H. G. (2023). Application of palaeogenetic techniques to historic mollusc shells reveals phylogeographic structure in a New Zealand abalone. Molecular Ecology Resources, 23, 118-130. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13696
Journal - Research Article
Smith, A. M., Peebles, B. A., & Spencer, H. G. (2023). Directly observed images through the shell-lenses of Onithochiton neglectus (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Chitonidae). Molluscan Research, 43(1), 4-11. doi: 10.1080/13235818.2022.2144089
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., & Paul, D. B. (2022). In memoriam: Richard Charles Lewontin (1929–2021): A self-critical critic. American Naturalist, 200(5), 621-626. doi: 10.1086/721258
Journal - Research Other
Rosenfeld, S., Maturana, C. S., Spencer, H. G., Convey, P., Saucède, T., Brickle, P., … Gonzalez-Wevar, C. (2022). Complete distribution of the genus Laevilitorina (Littorinimorpha, Littorinidae) in the Southern Hemisphere: Remarks and natural history [Data paper]. ZooKeys, 1127, 61-77. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1127.91310
Journal - Research Other
Greenspoon, P. B., Spencer, H. G., & M’Gonigle, L. K. (2022). Epigenetic induction may speed up or slow down speciation with gene flow. Evolution, 76(6), 1170-1182. doi: 10.1111/evo.14494
Journal - Research Article
González-Wevar, C. A., Segovia, N. I., Rosenfeld, S., Maturana, C. S., Jeldres, V., Pinochet, R., … Spencer, H. G., & Poulin, E. (2022). Seven snail species hidden in one: Biogeographic diversity in an apparently widespread periwinkle in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 49, 1521-1534. doi: 10.1111/jbi.14453
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Salis, A. T., Spencer, H. G., Waters, J. M., Scarsbrook, L., Mitchell, K. J., … Dutoit, L., King, T. M., … Kennedy, M. (2022). Rapid radiation of Southern Ocean shags in response to receding sea ice. Journal of Biogeography, 49, 942-953. doi: 10.1111/jbi.14360
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., Pleasants, A. B., Gluckman, P. D., & Wake, G. C. (2022). A model of optimal timing for a predictive adaptive response. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health & Disease, 13, 101-107. doi: 10.1017/s2040174420001361
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., Willan, R. C., Mariottini, P., & Salvi, D. (2022). Taxonomic consistency and nomenclatural rules within oysters: Comment on Li et al. (2021). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 170, 107437. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107437
Journal - Research Other
González-Wevar, C. A., Segovia, N. I., Rosenfeld, S., Noll, D., Maturana, C. S., Hüne, M., … Spencer, H. G., … Poulin, E. (2021). Contrasting biogeographical patterns in Margarella (Gastropoda: Calliostomatidae: Margarellinae) across the Antarctic Polar Front. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 156, 107039. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107039
Journal - Research Article
Greenspoon, P. B., & Spencer, H. G. (2021). Avoiding extinction under nonlinear environmental change: Models of evolutionary rescue with plasticity. Biology Letters, 17(12), 20210459. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0459
Journal - Research Article
Lockton, K. G., & Spencer, H. G. (2021). Phylogeography of the intertidal marine bivalve Lasaea hinemoa (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in New Zealand. Molluscan Research, 41(3), 191-203. doi: 10.1080/13235818.2021.1966163
Journal - Research Article
Whigham, P. A., & Spencer, H. G. (2021). Graph-structured populations and the Hill-Robertson effect. Royal Society Open Science, 8, 201831. doi: 10.1098/rsos.201831
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G. (2021). [Review of the book Biology and evolution of the mollusca]. Molluscan Research, 41(1), 80-82. doi: 10.1080/13235818.2020.1859344
Journal - Research Other
Brook, F. J., Kennedy, M., King, T. M., Ridden, J., Shaw, M. D., & Spencer, H. G. (2020). Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904. Zootaxa, 4865(1), 1-73. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1
Journal - Research Article
Donald, K. M., McCulloch, G. A., Dutoit, L., & Spencer, H. G. (2020). Population structure of the New Zealand whelk, Cominella glandiformis (Gastropoda: Buccinidae), suggests sporadic dispersal of a direct developer. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130, 49-60. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa033
Journal - Research Article
Jeunen, G.-J., Lamare, M. D., Knapp, M., Spencer, H. G., Taylor, H. R., Stat, M., … Gemmell, N. J. (2020). Water stratification in the marine biome restricts vertical environmental DNA (eDNA) signal dispersal. Environmental DNA, 2(1), 99-111. doi: 10.1002/edn3.49
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G. (2020). A further perspective on speciation by reinforcement. Theoretical Biology Forum, 113(1/2), 63-66. doi: 10.19272/202011402007
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G. (2020). Beyond equilibria: The neglected role of history in ecology and evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 95(4), 311-321. doi: 10.1086/711803
Journal - Research Article
Zuk, M., & Spencer, H. G. (2020). Killing the behavioral zombie: Genes, evolution, and why behavior isn't special. BioScience, 70(6), 515-520. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biaa042
Journal - Research Article
González-Wevar, C. A., Hüne, M., Rosenfeld, S., Nakano, T., Saucède, T., Spencer, H., & Poulin, E. (2019). Systematic revision of Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) based on a complete phylogeny of the genus, with the description of a new species from the southern tip of South America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 186(2), 303-336. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly067
Journal - Research Article
Jeunen, G.-J., Knapp, M., Spencer, H. G., Lamare, M. D., Taylor, H. R., Stat, M., … Gemmell, N. J. (2019). Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding reveals strong discrimination among diverse marine habitats connected by water movement. Molecular Ecology Resources, 19, 426-438. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12982
Journal - Research Article
Jeunen, G.-J., Knapp, M., Spencer, H. G., Taylor, H. R., Lamare, M. D., Stat, M., … Gemmell, N. J. (2019). Species‐level biodiversity assessment using marine environmental DNA metabarcoding requires protocol optimization and standardization. Ecology & Evolution, 9, 1323-1335. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4843
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, M., Seneviratne, S. S., Mendis, U. K., & Spencer, H. G. (2019). Sorting out the snakebirds: The species status, phylogeny, and biogeography of the Darters (Aves: Anhingidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research, 57, 892-899. doi: 10.1111/jzs.12299
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, M., Seneviratne, S. S., Rawlence, N. J., Ratnayake, S., & Spencer, H. G. (2019). The phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Indian Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Phalacrocoracidae). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 130, 227-232. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.019
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Rayner, M. J., Lovegrove, T. G., Stoddart, D., Vermeulen, M., Easton, L. J., … Kennedy, M., Spencer, H., & Waters, J. M. (2019). Archival DNA reveals cryptic biodiversity within the Spotted Shag (Phalacrocorax punctatus) from New Zealand. Condor, 121, 1-16. doi: 10.1093/condor/duz029
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G. (2018). Eugenic sterilization in New Zealand: The story of the Mental Defectives Amendment Act of 1928. In D. B. Paul, J. Stenhouse & H. G. Spencer (Eds.), Eugenics at the edges of empire: New Zealand, Australia, Canada and South Africa. (pp. 85-106). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-64686-2
Chapter in Book - Research
González-Wevar, C. A., Segovia, N. I., Rosenfeld, S., Ojeda, J., Hüne, M., Naretto, J., … Spencer, H. G., & Poulin, E. (2018). Unexpected absence of island endemics: Long-distance dispersal in higher latitude sub-Antarctic Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) species. Journal of Biogeography, 45(4), 874-884. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13174
Journal - Research Article
Greenspoon, P. B., & Spencer, H. G. (2018). The evolution of epigenetically-mediated adaptive transgenerational plasticity in a subdivided population. Evolution, 72(12), 2773-2780. doi: 10.1111/evo.13619
Journal - Research Article
González-Wevar, C. A., Hüne, M., Segovia, N. I., Nakano, T., Spencer, H. G., Chown, S. L., … Poulin, E. (2017). Following the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Patterns and processes in the biogeography of the limpet Nacella (Mollusca: Patellogastropoda) across the Southern Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 44(4), 861-874. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12908
Journal - Research Article
Kelly, S. T., & Spencer, H. G. (2017). Population-genetic models of sex-limited genomic imprinting. Theoretical Population Biology, 115, 35-44. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2017.03.004
Journal - Research Article
Peebles, B. A., Smith, A. M., & Spencer, H. G. (2017). Valve microstructure and phylomineralogy of New Zealand chitons. Journal of Structural Biology, 197(3), 250-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.12.002
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Till, C. E., Easton, L. J., Spencer, H. G., Schuckard, R., Melville, D. S., … Waters, J. M., & Kennedy, M. (2017). Speciation, range contraction and extinction in the endemic New Zealand King Shag complex. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 115, 197-209. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.011
Journal - Research Article
Paul, D. B., & Spencer, H. G. (2016). Eugenics without eugenists? Anglo-American critiques of cousin marriages in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In S. Müller-Wille & C. Brandt (Eds.), Heredity explored: Between public domain and experimental science, 1850-1930. (pp. 49-79). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chapter in Book - Research
Cumming, R. A., Nikula, R., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2016). Trans-Tasman genetic connectivity in the intertidal air-breathing slug Onchidella nigricans. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 562, 93-100. doi: 10.3354/meps11926
Journal - Research Article
Donald, K. M., & Spencer, H. G. (2016). Host and ecology both play a role in shaping distribution of digenean parasites of New Zealand whelks (Gastropoda: Buccinidae: Cominella). Parasitology, 143(9), 1143-1156. doi: 10.1017/S0031182016000494
Journal - Research Article
Donald, K. M., & Spencer, H. G. (2016). Phylogeographic patterns in New Zealand and temperate Australian cantharidines (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trochidae: Cantharidinae): Trans-Tasman divergences are ancient. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 100, 333-344. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.029
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Scofield, R. P., Spencer, H. G., Lalas, C., Easton, L. J., Tennyson, A. J. D., … Waters, J. M., & Kennedy, M. (2016). Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(3), 676-694. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12376
Journal - Research Article
Smith, A. M., & Spencer, H. G. (2016). Skeletal mineralogy of scaphopods: An unusual uniformity. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 82(2), 344-348. doi: 10.1093/mollus/eyv061
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., & Mitchell, C. (2016). The selective maintenance of allelic variation under generalized dominance. Genes Genomes Genetics, 6(11), 3725-3732. doi: 10.1534/g3.116.028076
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., & Priest, N. K. (2016). The evolution of sex-specific dominance in response to sexually antagonistic selection. American Naturalist, 187(5), 658-666. doi: 10.1086/685827
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., & Zuk, M. (2016). For host's sake: The pluses of parasite preservation [Forum]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(5), 341-343. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.021
Journal - Research Other
Donald, K. M., & Spencer, H. G. (2015). New Zealand screw shells Maoricolpus roseus (Gastropoda: Turritellidae): Two species, two subspecies or a single variable species? Molluscan Research, 35(2), 123-127. doi: 10.1080/13235818.2014.977838
Journal - Research Article
Donald, K. M., Winter, D. J., Ashcroft, A. L., & Spencer, H. G. (2015). Phylogeography of the whelk genus Cominella (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) suggests long-distance counter-current dispersal of a direct developer. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115(2), 315-332. doi: 10.1111/bij.12529
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., & Chiew, K. X. (2015). The maintenance of single-locus polymorphism by maternal selection. Genes Genomes Genetics, 5, 963-969. doi: 10.1534/g3.115.017392
Journal - Research Article
Cumming, R. A., Nikula, R., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2014). Transoceanic genetic similarities of kelp-associated sea slug populations: Long-distance dispersal via rafting? Journal of Biogeography, 41, 2357-2370. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12376
Journal - Research Article
Herman, J. J., Spencer, H. G., Donohue, K., & Sultan, S. E. (2014). How stable 'should' epigenetic modifications be? Insights from adaptive plasticity and bet hedging. Evolution, 68(3), 632-643. doi: 10.1111/evo.12324
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, M., & Spencer, H. G. (2014). Classification of the cormorants of the world. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 79, 249-257. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020
Journal - Research Article
Rawlence, N. J., Till, C. E., Scofield, R. P., Tennyson, A. J. D., Collins, C. J., Lalas, C., … Matisoo-Smith, E., Waters, J. M., Spencer, H. G., & Kennedy, M. (2014). Strong phylogeographic structure in a sedentary seabird, the Stewart Island Shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus). PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90769. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090769
Journal - Research Article
Spencer, H. G., & Clark, A. G. (2014). Non-conflict theories for the evolution of genomic imprinting. Heredity, 113, 112-118. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2013.129
Journal - Research Article
Fraser, C. I., Zuccarello, G. C., Spencer, H. G., Salvatore, L. C., Garcia, G. R., & Waters, J. M. (2013). Genetic affinities between trans-oceanic populations of non-buoyant macroalgae in the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e69138. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069138
Journal - Research Article
Geoghegan, J. L., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). Exploring epiallele stability in a population-epigenetic model. Theoretical Population Biology, 83, 136-144. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2012.09.001
Journal - Research Article
Geoghegan, J. L., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). The adaptive invasion of epialleles in a heterogeneous environment. Theoretical Population Biology, 88, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.05.001
Journal - Research Article
Geoghegan, J. L., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). The evolutionary potential of paramutation: A population-epigenetic model. Theoretical Population Biology, 88, 9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.05.003
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, M., Taylor, S. A., Nádvorník, P., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). The phylogenetic relationships of the extant pelicans inferred from DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 66(1), 215-222. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.034
Journal - Research Article
Marshall, B. A., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). Comments on some taxonomic changes affecting marine Bivalvia of the New Zealand region recently introduced in Huber's Compendium of bivalves, with some additional taxonomic changes. Molluscan Research, 33(1), 40-49. doi: 10.1080/13235818.2012.754147
Journal - Research Article
Nikula, R., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2013). Passive rafting is a powerful driver of transoceanic gene flow. Biology Letters, 9(1), 20120821. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0821
Journal - Research Article
Paul, D. B., Stenhouse, J., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). The two faces of Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle and governor of New Zealand. Quarterly Review of Biology, 88(3), 219-225. doi: 10.1086/671485
Journal - Research Article
Star, B., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). Effects of genetic drift and gene flow on the selective maintenance of genetic variation. Genetics, 194, 235-244. doi: 10.1534/genetics.113.149781
Journal - Research Article
Trotter, M. V., & Spencer, H. G. (2013). Models of frequency-dependent selection with mutation from parental alleles. Genetics, 195(1), 231-242. doi: 10.1534/genetics.113.152496
Journal - Research Article
Waters, J. M., Trewick, S. A., Paterson, A. M., Spencer, H. G., Kennedy, M., Craw, D., Burridge, C. P., & Wallis, G. P. (2013). Biogeography off the tracks. Systematic Biology, 62(3), 494-498. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syt013
Journal - Research Article
Donald, K. M., Preston, J., Williams, S. T., Reid, D. G., Winter, D., Alvarez, R., … Spencer, H. G. (2012). Phylogenetic relationships elucidate colonization patterns in the intertidal grazers Osilinus Philippi, 1847 and Phorcus Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Trochidae) in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 62(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.002
Journal - Research Article
Fraser, C. I., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2012). Durvillaea poha sp. nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): A buoyant southern bull-kelp species endemic to New Zealand. Phycologia, 51(2), 151-156. doi: 10.2216/11-47.1
Journal - Research Article
Geoghegan, J. L., & Spencer, H. G. (2012). Population-epigenetic models of selection. Theoretical Population Biology, 81(3), 232-242. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2011.08.001
Journal - Research Article
Nakagawa, S., Lagisz, M., Hector, K. L., & Spencer, H. G. (2012). Comparative and meta-analytic insights into life extension via dietary restriction. Aging Cell, 11(3), 401-409. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00798.x
Journal - Research Article
Santure, A. W., & Spencer, H. G. (2012). Genomic imprinting leads to less selectively maintained polymorphism on X chromosomes. Genetics, 192, 1455-1464. doi: 10.1534/genetics.112.145607
Journal - Research Article
Smith, A. M., Henderson, Z. E., Kennedy, M., King, T. M., & Spencer, H. G. (2012). Reef formation versus solitariness in two New Zealand serpulids does not involve cryptic species. Aquatic Biology, 16(1), 97-103. doi: 10.3354/ab00444
Journal - Research Article
Donald, K. M., Keeney, D. B., & Spencer, H. G. (2011). Contrasting population makeup of two intertidal gastropod species that differ in dispersal opportunities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology, 396(2), 224-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.10.028
Journal - Research Article
Nikula, R., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2011). Comparison of population-genetic structuring in congeneric kelp- versus rock-associated snails: A test of a dispersal-by-rafting hypothesis. Ecology & Evolution, 1(2), 169-180. doi: 10.1002/ece3.16
Journal - Research Article
Nikula, R., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2011). Evolutionary consequences of microhabitat: Population-genetic structuring in kelp- vs. rock-associated chitons. Molecular Ecology, 20, 4915-4924. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05332.x
Journal - Research Article
Santure, A. W., & Spencer, H. G. (2011). Quantitative genetics of genomic imprinting: A comparison of simple variance derivations, the effects of inbreeding, and response to selection. Genes Genomes Genetics, 1, 131-142. doi: 10.1534/g3.111.000042
Journal - Research Article
Fraser, C. I., Thiel, M., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2010). Contemporary habitat discontinuity and historic glacial ice drive genetic divergence in Chilean kelp. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 203. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-203
Journal - Research Article
Fraser, C. I., Winter, D. J., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2010). Multigene phylogeny of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae: Fucales). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 57(3), 1301-1311. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.011
Journal - Research Article
Holland, B. R., Spencer, H. G., Worthy, T. H., & Kennedy, M. (2010). Identifying cliques of convergent characters: Concerted evolution in the cormorants and shags. Systematic Biology, 59(4), 433-445. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syq023
Journal - Research Article
Nikula, R., Fraser, C. I., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2010). Circumpolar dispersal by rafting in two subantarctic kelp-dwelling crustaceans. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 405, 221-230. doi: 10.3354/meps08523
Journal - Research Article
Williams, S. T., Donald, K. M., Spencer, H. G., & Nakano, T. (2010). Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 54(3), 783-809. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.008
Journal - Research Article
Fraser, C. I., Nikula, R., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2009). Kelp genes reveal effects of subantarctic sea ice during the Last Glacial Maximum. PNAS, 106(9), 3249-3253.
Journal - Research Article
Fraser, C. I., Spencer, H. G., & Waters, J. M. (2009). Glacial oceanographic contrasts explain phylogeography of Australian bull kelp. Molecular Ecology, 18(10), 2287-2296. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04201.x
Journal - Research Article
Kennedy, M., Valle, C. A., & Spencer, H. G. (2009). The phylogenetic position of the Galápagos Cormorant. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 53(1), 94-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.002
Journal - Research Article
