Dr Paul G Bridgman

2026

Journal - Research Article

Pons, A., Whalley, G., Wyber, R., Bridgman, P., Stewart, R., Adamson, P., … Coffey, S. (2026). Fatigue is a key contributor to quality of life in heart valve disease and after valve replacement/repair: A qualitative study. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 35, 676-684. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2025.11.008

2025

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Pearson, A., Pearson, J., Woodcock, E., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Patu, M., & Troughton, R. (2025). Audit of wait times for outpatient transthoracic echocardiograms at Christchurch hospital. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 34(Suppl. 2), P28. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2025.04.062

Woodcock, E., Pitama, S., Wilson, L., Troughton, R., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., & Whalley, G. (2025). Indexing of left ventricular (LV) mass to account for body habitus in an Aotearoa population. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 34(Suppl. 2), O03. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2025.04.005

2024

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Rendall, B., Tofler, G., Buckley, T., Bridgman, P., & Lainchbury, J. (2024). Masters athletes cardiac risk factors and behaviours. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 33(Suppl. 4), 911. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2024.06.915

Rendall, B., Tofler, G., Buckley, T., Bridgman, P., & Lainchbury, J. (2024). Masters athletes and cardiac risk survey. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 33(Suppl. 2), (pp. S92). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2024.04.295

2023

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Liu, J., Troughton, R., Adamson, P., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Jardine, D., Lainchbury, J., & Spencer, A. (2023). Time to imaging for echocardiography among general medicine inpatients at Te Whatu Ora Waitaha/Canterbury. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(Suppl. 3), 326. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.06.322

Liu, J., Troughton, R., Adamson, P., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Jardine, D., Lainchbury, J., & Spencer, A. (2023). Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: A high hit rate at Te Whatu Ora Waitaha/Canterbury. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(Suppl. 3), 281. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.06.262

Liu, J., Troughton, R., Adamson, P., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Jardine, D., Lainchbury, J., & Spencer, A. (2023). Echocardiography impact factor at Te Whatu Ora Waitaha/Canterbury. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(Suppl. 3), 280. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.06.261

Liu, J., Troughton, R., Adamson, P., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Jardine, D., Lainchbury, J., & Spencer, A. (2023). Echocardiography in ineffective endocarditis:A high hit rate at Te Whatu Ora - Waitaha Canterbury. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(Suppl. 2), P02. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.04.223

Liu, J., Troughton, R., Adamson, P., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Jardine, D., Lainchbury, J., & Spencer, A. (2023). Echocardiography impact factor at Te Whatu Ora - Waitaha Canterbury. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(Suppl. 2), P01. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.04.222

Liu, J., Troughton, R., Adamson, P., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., Jardine, D., Lainchbury, J., & Spencer, A. (2023). Time to imaging for echocardiography among general medicine inpatients at Te Whatu Ora - Waitaha Canterbury. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 32(Suppl. 2), P44. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.04.265

2019

Journal - Research Article

Watson, G. M., Chan, C. W., Belluscio, L., Doudney, K., Lacey, C. J., Kennedy, M. A., & Bridgman, P. (2019). Comparing the variants of takotsubo syndrome: An observational study of the ECG and structural changes from a New Zealand tertiary hospital. BMJ Open, 9(5), e025253. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025253

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Doudney, K., Lacey, C. J., Bridgman, P. G., Mulder, R. T., Zarifeh, J. J., Kimber, B., Cadzow, M., Black, M. A., Merriman, T. R., … Pearson, J. F., Cameron, V. A., & Kennedy, M. A. (2019). Rare copy number variants involving cardiac function and development genes detected in earthquake induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients. European Journal of Human Genetics, 27(Suppl. 1), (pp. 160). doi: 10.1038/s41431-019-0407-4

Watson, G., Sutherland, J., Lacey, C., & Bridgman, P. (2019). A cross-over study of hyperventilation anxiety in stress cardiomyopathy and control patients. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 28(Suppl. 1), (pp. S1). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.05.006

2018

Journal - Research Article

Lacey, C. J., Doudney, K., Bridgman, P. G., George, P. M., Mulder, R. T., Zarifeh, J. J., Kimber, B., Cadzow, M. J., Black, M. A., Merriman, T. R., … Pearson, J. F., Cameron, V. A., & Kennedy, M. A. (2018). Copy number variants implicate cardiac function and development pathways in earthquake-induced stress cardiomyopathy. Scientific Reports, 8, 7548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25827-5

Journal - Research Other

Watson, G. M., Chan, C. W., Doudney, K., & Bridgman, P. G. (2018). A population-based study of the diabetes paradox in stress cardiomyopathy. New Zealand Medical Journal, 131(1485), 88-89. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Watson, G., Chan, C., Doudney, K., Lacey, C., & Bridgman, P. (2018). The variants of Takotsubo Syndrome differ in more ways than just the echo pattern. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 27(Suppl. 1), (pp. S16). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.05.135

2017

Journal - Research Other

Bridgman, P. G., Judd, A. M., & White, S. C. (2017). Screening for sub-clinical stress cardiomyopathy and disaster ultrasound provision in the Kaikoura earthquake. New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1458), 61-62. Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Boon, K. J., & Bridgman, P. (2017). A cautionary perspective on the utility of the RoPE score in cryptogenic stroke patients with a patent foramen ovale. New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1458), 54-55. Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Bridgman, P. G. (2017). The fifth takotsubo variant. Echocardiography, 34(1), 122-123. doi: 10.1111/echo.13405

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Boon, K. J., & Bridgman, P. (2017). A cautionary perspective on the utility of the RoPE score and reported high risk echocardiographic features in managing cryptogenic stroke patients with a patent foramen ovale. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 26(Suppl. 1), (pp. S33-S34). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.05.086

Lamba, M., & Bridgman, P. (2017). Contemporary natural history of patients with severe and moderate to severe aortic regurgitation. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 26(Suppl. 1), (pp. S2). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.05.004

Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report

Lacey, C. J., Doudney, K., Bridgman, P. G., George, P. M., Mulder, R. T., Zarifeh, J. A., Kimber, B., Cadzow, M. J., Black, M. A., Merriman, T. R., … Pearson, J. F., Cameron, V. A., & Kennedy, M. A. (2017). Copy number variants implicate cardiac function and development pathways in earthquake-induced stress cardiomyopathy. bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/144675

2016

Journal - Research Article

Williams, M. J. A., Harding, S. A., Devlin, G., Nunn, C., El-Jack, S., Scott, T., … on behalf of the ANZACS-QI Investigators, including Matsis, P., Smyth, D., Blake, J., Elliott, J., Lainchbury, J., Bridgman, P., Troughton, R., Wilkins, G., Green, B., Edmond, J., & Milburn, K. (2016). National variation in coronary angiography rates and timing after an acute coronary syndrome in New Zealand (ANZACS-QI 6). New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1428), 65-77. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Journal - Research Other

Chan, C., Bridgman, P., & Troughton, R. (2016). Favorable 5-year outcome of 21 Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy cases triggered by an earthquake. JACC, 68(8), 877. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.074

Bridgman, P. G., Finsterer, J., Lacey, C., Kimber, B., Parkin, P. J., Miller, A. L., & Kennedy, M. A. (2016). CTG-repeat expansions in the DMPK gene do not cause takotsubo syndrome [Short communication]. International Journal of Cardiology, 203, 107-108. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.112

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Bridgman, P. G., Buckley, B., Davis, M., Green, B., Sasse, A., Tang, D., … White, S. (2016). New Zealand Guidelines for Adult Echocardiography 2015: The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1430), 105-107. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Lovatt, J., Troughton, R., Lainchbury, J., Bridgman, P., Chan, C., & Arshad, M. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of left atrial thrombus prior to DC cardioversion for atrial fibrilation >48 hrs duration: Do all patients need transoesophageal echocardiography? Heart, Lung & Circulation, 25(Suppl. 1), (pp. S29). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.05.074

Zarifeh, J., Mulder, R., Kerr, A., Chan, C., & Bridgman, P. (2016). The psychology of earthquake stress cardiomyopathy, non-cardiac chest pain, and myocardial infarction. In J. Deely & A. Dierckx (Eds.), Proceedings of the Inaugural People in Disasters Conference. (pp. 63). School of Psychology, Massey University. Retrieved from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/

2015

Journal - Research Article

Hii, T. B. K., Lainchbury, J. G., & Bridgman, P. G. (2015). Frailty in acute cardiology: Comparison of a quick clinical assessment against a validated frailty assessment tool. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 24(6), 551-556. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.11.024

Journal - Research Other

Greaves, J. H., Leighton, J. D., Lainchbury, J. G., & Bridgman, P. G. (2015). Direct access GP referral for ETT functions as a virtual clinic. New Zealand Medical Journal, 128(1416). Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Hii, T., Lainchbury, J., & Bridgman, P. (2015). Frailty in acute cardiology: Comparison of a quick clinical assessment against a validated frailty assessment tool. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 24(Suppl. 3), (pp. S382). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.04.085

Hii, T., Lainchbury, J., & Bridgman, P. (2015). Frailty in acute cardiology: Comparison of a quick clinical assessment against a validated frailty assessment tool. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 24(Suppl. 2), (pp. S84). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.04.085

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Kennedy, M., Doudney, K., Bickley, V., Bridgman, P., Cameron, V., Cadzow, M., Black, M., Merriman, T., … Miller, A., Zarifeh, J., Kimber, B., George, P., & Lacey, C. (2015, August-September). Genomes, earthquakes and broken hearts. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.

2014

Journal - Research Article

Chan, C., Troughton, R., Elliott, J., Zarifeh, J., & Bridgman, P. (2014). One-year follow-up of the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake stress cardiomyopathy cases. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1396). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Lacey, C., Mulder, R., Bridgman, P., Kimber, B., Zarifeh, J., Kennedy, M., & Cameron, V. (2014). Broken heart syndrome: Is it a psychosomatic disorder? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 77(2), 158-160. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.05.003

2013

Journal - Research Article

Chan, C., Elliott, J., Troughton, R., Frampton, C., Smyth, D., Crozier, I., & Bridgman, P. (2013). Acute myocardial infarction and stress cardiomyopathy following the Christchurch earthquakes. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e68504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068504

Journal - Research Other

Bellaney, L. M., Bridgman, P. G., Crozier, I. G., & Melton, I. C. (2013). Decline in echocardiographic optimisation of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) devices at Christchurch Hospital. New Zealand Medical Journal, 126(1373). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Bridgman, P. (2013). Overview of myocardial infarction and the cardiac rehabilitation programme in Christchurch. Proceedings of the Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand (SESNZ) Annual Conference: Exercise Science for Health and Sport Performance. (pp. 25). Retrieved from http://www.sesnz.org.nz/Conference/

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Bridgman, P. (2013, November). Overview of myocardial infarction and the cardiac rehabilitation programme in Christchurch. Keynote presentation at the Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand (SESNZ) Annual Conference: Exercise Science for Health and Sport Performance, Christchurch, New Zealand.

2012

Journal - Research Article

Zarifeh, J. A., Mulder, R. T., Kerr, A. J., Chan, C. W., & Bridgman, P. G. (2012). Psychology of earthquake-induced stress cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and non-cardiac chest pain. Internal Medicine Journal, 42(4), 369-373. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02743.x

Journal - Research Other

Foo, E., Williams, D., Singh, H., Bridgman, P. G., McCall, J., & Connor, S. (2012). Successful management of a large air embolus during an extended right hepatectomy with an emergency cardiopulmonary bypass. HPB, 14(12), 871-873. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00550.x

Bridgman, P. G., Chan, C. W., & Elliott, J. M. (2012). A case of recurrent earthquake stress cardiomyopathy with a differing wall motion abnormality. Echocardiography, 29(2), E26-E27. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01568.x

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Chan, C., Bridgman, P., Troughton, R., & Elliott, J. (2012). Twenty-one cases of stress cardiomyopathy following the Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 earthquake: Self reported health outcome at 1 year. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 21(8), (pp. 482-483). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.03.023

Zarifeh, J., Mulder, R., Kerr, A. J., Chan, C. W., & Bridgman, P. G. (2012). The psychology of earthquake stress cardiomyopathy, non-cardiac chest pain and myocardial infarction. Proceedings of the New Zealand Psychological Society (NZPsP) & New Zealand College of Clinical Psychologists (NZCCP) Joint Conference: Tūtahitanga: Standing Together As One. (pp. 61). Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=1585

2011

Journal - Research Article

Hamid, A. K., Richards, A. M., Crozier, I. G., Lainchbury, J. G., Melton, I., Bridgman, P. G., Palmer, S. C., Frampton, C. M., & Nicholls, M. G. (2011). Prediction of cardiac rhythm 1 year following cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. New Zealand Medical Journal, 124(1343). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/124-1343/4881/content.pdf

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Elliott, J., Chan, C., Chan, W., Daly, M., . . ., Troughton, R., & Bridgman, P. (2011). Multiple cases of stress cardiomyopathy after a destructive earthquake: When the earthquakes, the heart breaks. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 20(Suppl. 2), (pp. S209). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.05.514

Zarifeh, J., Mulder, R., Kerr, A., Chan, C., & Bridgman, P. (2011). The psychology of earthquake stress cardiomyopathy, non-cardiac chest pain and myocardial infarction. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 20(Suppl. 2), (pp. S43). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.05.109

Chan, C. W., Crozier, I. G., Bridgman, P. G., Lainchbury, J. G., Elliott, J. M., Troughton, R. W., Blake, J. W. H., McClean, D. R., Melton, I. C., & Smyth, D. W. (2011). Cardiology admissions following the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 20(6), (pp. 377-378). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.03.019

Elliott, J. M., Chan, C., Daly, M. G., . . ., Troughton, R. W., & Bridgman, P. G. (2011). When the earth quakes, the heart breaks: Stress cardiomyopathy after a 6.3 earthquake. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 20(6), (pp. 379). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.03.021

Zarifeh, J. A., Mulder, R. T., Kerr, A. J., Chan, C. W., & Bridgman, P. G. (2011). The psychology of earthquake stress cardiomyopathy, non-cardiac chest pain and myocardial infarction. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 20(6), (pp. 418). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.03.109

2010

Journal - Research Other

Bridgman, P. G., & Szer, J. (2010). Virtual everything [Editorial]. Internal Medicine Journal, 40(7), 473. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02275.x

2009

Journal - Research Other

Bridgman, P. G., & Ali, A. (2009). Leap of faith: From knowledge to safe practice [Editorial]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 122(1292). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1292/3543/content.pdf

Cawood, T. J., Bridgman, P., Hunter, L., & Cole, D. (2009). Low-dose cabergoline causing valvular heart disease in a patient treated for prolactinoma [Letter to the editor]. Internal Medicine Journal, 39, 266-267. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01920.x

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Bridgman, P. G. (2009). [Review of the book Complications of myocardial infarction]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 122(1294). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1294/3592/content.pdf

2008

Journal - Research Article

Bridgman, P. G., Ashrafi, A. N., Mann, S., Whalley, G. A., on behalf of the SCANZ collaborators. (2008). Survey of clinical echocardiography in New Zealand (SCANZ). New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1269). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1269/2924/content.pdf

Ellmers, L. J., Scott, N. J. A., Medicherla, S., Pilbrow, A. P., Bridgman, P. G., Yandle, T. G., Richards, A. M., … Cameron, V. A. (2008). Transforming growth factor-β blockade down-regulates the renin-angiotensin system and modifies cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Endocrinology, 149(11), 5828-5834. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-0165

2007

Journal - Research Other

Bridgman, P. G. (2007). ″I'm glad I'm not young anymore″: Not [Letter to the editor]. Internal Medicine Journal, 37(6), 426.

Bridgman, P. G., & Earwaker, P. L. (2007). The case for echocardiography in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in New Zealand [Letter]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 120(1265). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1265/2813/content.pdf

2006

Journal - Research Article

Bridgman, P. G. (2006). Late presentation of a cardiomyopathy provoked by sudden emotional stress. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 15, 383-385.

Bridgman, P. G., Allington, M. D. E., & Ikram, H. (2006). Estrogen replacement therapy attenuates post-infarction left ventricular remodeling in rats. Journal of Applied Research, 6(3), 246-253.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Earwaker, P. L., & Bridgman, P. G. (2006). Echocardiography in non-st elevation myocardial infarction: What does it mean? Heart, Lung & Circulation, 15(3), (pp. 218-219). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2006.03.008

Millar, J. I., Cuthill, W. A., Greenberg, N., & Bridgman, P. G. (2006). Implementation of nurse referral for exercise tolerance testing in a chest pain assessment unit. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 15(3), (pp. 217). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2006.03.008

Whalley, G. A., Ashrafi, A. N., Bridgman, P., Mann, S., Gentles, T., Fisher, R., on behalf of the SCANZ collaborators. (2006). Current practice patterns in echocardiography: A prospective survey of clinical echocardiography around New Zealand (SCANZ). Heart, Lung & Circulation, 15(3), (pp. 215). doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2006.03.008

2005

Journal - Research Article

Bridgman, P., Aronovitz, M. A., Kakkar, R., Oliverio, M. I., Coffman, T. M., Rand, W. M., … Patten, R. D. (2005). Gender specific patterns of left ventricular and myocyte remodeling following myocardial infarction in mice deficient in the angiotensin II type 1a receptor. American Journal of Physiology: Heart & Circulatory Physiology, 289, H586-H592.

Journal - Research Other

Doogue, M. P., Begg, E. J., & Bridgman, P. (2005). Clopidogrel hypersensitivity syndrome with rash, fever, and neutropenia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 80(10), 1368-1370.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Bridgman, P. (2005, May). Knobology: What do those things on my machine actually do? Verbal presentation at the Echo Symposium of the CSANZ Regional Committee, New Zealand.

2004

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Bridgman, P. (2004). The challenge of improving cardiac care in secondary centres [Editorial]. New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1194). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/117-1194/888/content.pdf

Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)

Bridgman, P. G. (2004, June). Aortic root dilatation: The 'final straw' in severe aortic stenosis. Poster session presented at the The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zeland Annual Scientific Meeting, Taupo.

Awarded Doctoral Degree

Bridgman, P. (2004). The effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade in congestive heart failure (MD). University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 174p.

2003

Journal - Research Other

Bridgman, P. G. (2003). Asymmetric myocardial thickening during acute myocarditis [Case report]. Heart, Lung & Circulation, 12(3), 199-200. doi: 10.1046/j.1444-2892.2003.00221.x

2001

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Barmby, D. S., Sands, J., Bridgman, P. G., Elliott, J. M., Richards, A. M., & Smyth, D. W. (2001). In-stent thrombosis: Analysis of the first 1000 coronary angioplasties at Christchurch Hospital. Proceedings of the New Zealand Regional Scientific Meeting, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, In New Zealand Medical Journal. 114, (pp. 241). Rotorua. [Abstract]

Ovens, L., Bridgman, P. G., Richards, A. M., Smyth, D. W., & Elliott, J. M. (2001). A new elective angioplasty programme: Trends in the first 500 cases at Christchurch Hospital. New Zealand Medical Journal. 114, (pp. 243). [Abstract]

1997

Journal - Research Article

Ikram, H., Rogers, S. J., Charles, C. J., Sands, J., Richards, A. M., Bridgman, P. G., & Gooneratne, R. (1997). An ovine model of acute myocardial infarction and chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Angiology, 48(8), 679-688. doi: 10.1177/000331979704800803