Professor Vernon Ward

2026

Journal - Research Article

Wood, J. M., Torres, D. G., Landaeta Aponte, R. A., Deshpande, S., McSweeney, A. M., Shrestha, R., … Ward, V. K., & Harris, L. D. (2026). Scalable synthesis and biological evaluation of 3'-Deoxy-3',4'-didehydronucleoside triphosphates. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 91, 6744-6750. doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.6c00483

Ward, V. K., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G. M., Edwards, M. J., Young, V. L., Kleffmann, T., Stubbing, L. A., … Brimble, M. A. (2026). The MNV-1 protease–polymerase precursor cleaves a novel site in the NS1-2 protein. Journal of General Virology, 107, 002263. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002263

2025

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Netzler, N., Woolner, V. H., Molimau-Samasoni, S., Keyzers, R., & Ward, V. (2025). Harnessing the antiviral activities in Pacific traditional medicines. Proceedings of the Infectious Diseases & Pandemic Preparedness Summit. (pp. 45). Retrieved from https://www.teniwha.com

2024

Journal - Research Article

McSweeney, A. M., Eruera, A.-R., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G. M., Bouwer, J. C., Brown, S. H. J., Stubbing, L. A., … Bostina, M., Krause, K. L., & Ward, V. K. (2024). Activity and cryo-EM structure of the polymerase domain of the human norovirus ProPol precursor. Journal of Virology, 98(11), e01193-24. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01193-24

Journal - Research Other

Young, V. L., McSweeney, A. M., Edwards, M. J., & Ward, V. K. (2024). The disorderly nature of caliciviruses. Viruses, 16, 1324. doi: 10.3390/v16081324

2023

Journal - Research Article

Eruera, A.-R., McSweeney, A. M., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G. M., Opel-Reading, H. K., Thomas, S. X., Campbell, A. C., … Ward, V. K., & Krause, K. L. (2023). Crystal structure of inhibitor-bound GII.4 Sydney 2012 norovirus 3C-like protease. Viruses, 15(11), 2202. doi: 10.3390/v15112202

Wobus, C. E., Peiper, A. M., McSweeney, A. M., Young, V. L., Chaika, M., Lane, M. S., … Ward, V. K., & Wilen, C. B. (2023). Murine norovirus: Additional protocols for basic and antiviral studies. Current Protocols, 3, e828. doi: 10.1002/cpz1.828

Sparrow, K. J., Shrestha, R., Wood, J. M., Clinch, K., Hurst, B. L., Wang, H., … McSweeney, A. M., Ward, V. K., … Harris, L. D. (2023). An isomer of galidesivir that potently inhibits influenza viruses and members of the Bunyavirales order. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14, 506-513. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048

Journal - Research Other

Stubbing, L. A., Hubert, J. G., Bell-Tyrer, J., Hermant, Y. O., Yang, S. H., McSweeney, A. M., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G. M., Ward, V. K., Furkert, D. P., & Brimble, M. A. (2023). P₁ glutamine isosteres in the design of inhibitors of 3C/3CL protease of human viruses of the Pisoniviricetes class. RSC Chemical Biology, 4, 533-547. doi: 10.1039/d3cb00075c

Speck, P., Mackenzie, J., Bull, R. A., Slobedman, B., Drummer, H., Fraser, J., … Hibma, M., … Ward, V., … Henzeler, B., … Young, P. (2023). Statement in support of: “Virology under the microscope: A call for rational discourse”. Journal of Virology, 97(5), e00451-23. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00451-23

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Speck, P., Mackenzie, J., Bull, R. A., Slobedman, B., Drummer, H., Fraser, J., … Hibma, M., … Ward, V., … Young, P. (2023). Statement in support of: Virology under the microscope: A call for rational discourse. mSphere, 8(3), e00165-23. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00165-23

Speck, P., Mackenzie, J., Bull, R. A., Slobedman, B., Drummer, H., Fraser, J., … Hibma, M., … Ward, V., … Young, P. (2023). Statement in support of: "Virology under the microscope: A call for rational discourse". mBio, 14(3). doi: 10.1128/mbio.00815-23

2022

Journal - Research Article

Mirabelli, C., Jones, M. K., Young, V. L., Kolawole, A. O., Owusu, I., Shan, M., … Ward, V. K., … Wobus, C. E. (2022). Human norovirus triggers primary B cell immune activation in vitro. mBio, 13(2), e00175-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00175-22

Owusu, I. A., Passalacqua, K. D., Mirabelli, C., Lu, J., Young, V. L., Hosmillo, M., … Ward, V. K., & Wobus, C. E. (2022). Akt plays differential roles during the life cycles of acute and persistent murine norovirus strains in macrophages. Journal of Virology, 96(3), e01923-21. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01923-21

Pang, L., Lin, S., McGill, E., Tham, A., Hewitt, J., Nokes, C., & Ward, V. (2022). Reductions of human enteric viruses in 10 commonly used activated carbon, polypropylene and polyester household drinking-water filters. Water Research, 213, 118174. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118174

Pang, L., Tham, A., Nilprapa, P., Cocker, A., MacDonald, P., Adams, R., … Ward, V., & Nokes, C. (2022). Cryptosporidium surrogate removal in pilot-scale rapid sand filters comprising anthracite, pumice or engineered ceramic granular media, and its correlation with turbidity. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102614. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102614

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Eruera, A., Campbell, A., Opel-Reading, H., Bostina, M., Krause, K., & Ward, V. (2022, August). Cryo-EM structural investigation of human norovirus protease-polymerase precursor. Verbal presentation at the Advances in Microscopy Satellite Meeting: Queenstown Research Week, Queenstown, New Zealand.

2021

Journal - Research Article

McSweeney, A. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Norovirus VPg binds RNA through a conserved N-terminal K/R basic patch. Viruses, 13(7), 1282. doi: 10.3390/v13071282

Campbell, K., Young, V. L., Donaldson, B. C., Woodall, M. J., Shields, N. J., Walker, G. F., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2021). Delivering two tumour antigens survivin and mucin-1 on virus-like particles enhances anti-tumour immune responses. Vaccines, 9(5), 463. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9050463

Dowlath, S., Campbell, K., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V. L., Young, S. L., Walker, G. F., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Dry formulation of virus-like particles in electrospun nanofibers. Vaccines, 9(3), 213. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030213

Journal - Research Other

Eruera, A.-R., McSweeney, A. M., McKenzie-Goldsmith, G., & Ward, V. K. (2021). Protein nucleotidylylation in +ssRNA viruses. Viruses, 13, 1549. doi: 10.3390/v13081549

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

McSweeney, A. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2021). The norovirus VPg protein binds RNA through a conserved N-terminal K/R basic patch motif. Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the Federation of Asian & Oceanic Biochemists & Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB). (pp. 178). Retrieved from https://www.faobmb2021.org

2020

Journal - Research Other

Krause, K. L., Furneaux, R., Benjes, P., Brimble, M., Davidson, T., Denny, W., … Ussher, J. E., & Ward, V. (2020). The post-lockdown period should be used to acquire effective therapies for future resurgence in SARS-Cov-2 infections. New Zealand Medical Journal, 133(1513), 107-111. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal

2019

Journal - Research Article

Kim, S. H., Mercer, A., Mitchell, A., de Miranda, J. R., Ward, V., Mondet, F., & Bostina, M. (2019). Viral infections alter antennal epithelium ultrastructure in honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 168, 107252. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107252

Thomson, N. A., Howe, L., Weidgraaf, K., Thomas, D. G., Young, V., Ward, V. K., & Munday, J. S. (2019). Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 virus-like particle vaccine is safe and immunogenic but does not reduce FcaPV-2 viral loads in adult cats. Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology, 213, 109888. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109888

McSweeney, A., Davies, C., & Ward, V. K. (2019). Cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of norovirus VPg proteins. Viruses, 11(3), 217. doi: 10.3390/v11030217

Kramer, K., Al-Barwani, F., Baird, M. A., Young, V. L., Larsen, D. S., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2019). Functionalisation of virus-like particles enhances antitumour immune responses. Journal of Immunology Research, 2019, 5364632. doi: 10.1155/2019/5364632

2018

Journal - Research Other

Donaldson, B., Lateef, Z., Walker, G. F., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2018). Virus-like particle vaccines: Immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Review of Vaccines, 17(9), 833-849. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Kramer, K., Donaldson, B., Young, V. L., Walker, G. F., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2018). Delivering tumour antigens survivin and mucin-1 on virus-like particles for breast cancer immunotherapy. Proceedings of the 41st Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS). P4-06-20. Retrieved from https://www.sabcs.org/

Sadrolodabai, Y., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2018). Developing a novel virus-like particle based delivery system of long peptides for the immunotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/

Kramer, K., Donaldson, B., Young, V. L., Walker, G. F., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2018). Delivering tumour antigens survivin and mucin-1 on virus-like particles for breast cancer immunotherapy. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Ward, V., Taylor, B., Murdoch, D., Ekeroma, A., Kirifi-Alai, T. N., Maoate, K., Richards, R., Sika-Paotonu, D., Tong, D., … Wells, B. (2018, November). Strengthening partnerships for Pacific health: Where to from here? [Plenary]. Panel discussion at the Pacific International Health Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2017

Journal - Research Article

Li, K., Donaldson, B., Young, V., Ward, V., Jackson, C., Baird, M., & Young, S. (2017). Adoptive cell therapy with CD4⁺ T helper 1 cells and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells enhances complete rejection of an established tumour, leading to generation of endogenous memory responses to non-targeted tumour epitopes. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 6(10), e160. doi: 10.1038/cti.2017.37

Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Pelham, S. J., Young, K., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2017). Multi-target chimaeric VLP as a therapeutic vaccine in a model of colorectal cancer. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 5, 69. doi: 10.1186/s40425-017-0270-1

Nicholson, L. J., Mahar, J. E., Strive, T., Zheng, T., Holmes, E. C., Ward, V. K., & Duckworth, J. A. (2017). Benign rabbit calicivirus in New Zealand. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 83(11), e00090-17. doi: 10.1128/aem.00090-17

Lateef, Z., Gimenez, G., Baker, E. S., & Ward, V. K. (2017). Transcriptomic analysis of human norovirus NS1-2 protein highlights a multifunctional role in murine monocytes. BMC Genomics, 18, 39. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-3417-4

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Young, S., Li, K., Baird, M., Ward, V., Jackson, C., & Ronchese, F. (2017). Adoptive cell therapy with CD4⁺ T helper 1 cells and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells enhances complete rejection of an established tumour. Proceedings of the 46th Australasian Society for Immunology (ASI) Annual Scientific Meeting. 134. Retrieved from http://www.asi2017.org/

Sadrolodabai, Y., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2017). Developing a novel virus-like particle based delivery system of long peptides for immunotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer. Proceedings of the Third CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference. (pp. 180-181). Retrieved from http://www.cancerimmunotherapyconference.org

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Bostina, M., Young, V., Easingwood, R., Ward, V. K., & Wolf, M. (2017, September). Architecture of a large DNA virus as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.

2016

Journal - Research Article

Davies, C., & Ward, V. K. (2016). Expression of the NS5 (VPg) protein of murine norovirus induces a G1/S phase arrest. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0161582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161582

Mahar, J. E., Nicholson, L., Eden, J.-S., Duchêne, S., Kerr, P. J., Duckworth, J., Ward, V. K., … Strive, T. (2016). Benign rabbit caliciviruses exhibit evolutionary dynamics similar to those of their virulent relatives. Journal of Virology, 90(20), 9317-9329. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01212-16

Slatter, T. L., Wilson, M., Tang, C., Campbell, H. G., Ward, V. K., Young, V. L., … Fleming, N. I., Braithwaite, A. W., & Baird, M. A. (2016). Antitumor cytotoxicity induced by bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is facilitated by the tumor suppressor protein p53 via regulation of IL-12. OncoImmunology, 5(3), e1112941. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1112941

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Sadrolodabai, Y., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2016). Investigating the effect of multiple dosing of an RHDV VLP-based immunotherapeutic vaccine for melanoma. European Journal of Immunology, 46(Suppl. 1), (pp. 1237). doi: 10.1002/eji.201670200

Donaldson, B., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2016). Multi-epitope chimaeric VLP as a therapeutic vaccine for colorectal cancer. European Journal of Immunology, 46(Suppl. 1), (pp. 325). doi: 10.1002/eji.201670200

Hall, E. A., Young, S. L., Ward, V. K., & Larsen, D. S. (2016). Synthesis of mannoside-VLP conjugates for antigen delivery. Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry (NZIC) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzic16.org/

2015

Chapter in Book - Research

Donaldson, B., Al-Barwani, F., Young, V., Scullion, S., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2015). Virus-like particles, a versatile subunit vaccine platform. In C. Foged, T. Rades, Y. Perrie & S. Hook (Eds.), Subunit vaccine delivery. (pp. 159-180). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3

Journal - Research Article

Davies, C., Brown, C. M., Westphal, D., Ward, J. M., & Ward, V. K. (2015). Murine norovirus replication induces a G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest in asynchronous growing cells. Journal of Virology, 89(11), 6057-6066. doi: 10.1128/jvi.03673-14

Chiu, E., Hijnen, M., Bunker, R. D., Boudes, M., Rajendran, C., Aizel, K., … Young, V., Ward, V. K., … Coulibaly, F. (2015). Structural basis for the enhancement of virulence by viral spindles and their in vivo crystallization. PNAS, 112(13), 3973-3978. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418798112

2014

Journal - Research Article

Al Barwani, F., Donaldson, B., Pelham, S. J., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Antigen delivery by virus-like particles for immunotherapeutic vaccination. Therapeutic Delivery, 5(11), 1223-1240. doi: 10.4155/TDE.14.74

Herod, M. R., Prince, C. A., Skilton, R. J., Ward, V. K., Cooper, J. B., & Clarke, I. N. (2014). Structure-based design and functional studies of novel noroviral 3C protease chimaeras offer insights into substrate specificity. Biochemical Journal, 464, 461-472. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140959

Sirotkin, S., Mermet, A., Bergoin, M., Ward, V., & Van Etten, J. L. (2014). Viruses as nanoparticles: Structure versus collective dynamics. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 90(2-1), 022718. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.022718

Al-Barwani, F., Young, S. L., Baird, M. A., Larsen, D. S., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Mannosylation of virus-like particles enhances internalization by antigen presenting cells. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104523. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104523

Herod, M. R., Salim, O., Skilton, R. J., Prince, C. A., Ward, V. K., Lambden, P. R., & Clarke, I. N. (2014). Expression of the murine norovirus (MNV) ORF1 polyprotein is sufficient to induce apoptosis in a virus-free cell model. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090679

Waugh, E., Chen, A., Baird, M. A., Brown, C. M., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Characterization of the chemokine response of RAW264.7 cells to infection by murine norovirus. Virus Research, 181, 27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.025

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Al-Barwani, F., Larsen, D. S., Baird, M. A., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2014). Enhancing the functionality of RHDV virus-like particles. CRS Newsletter, 31(4), 10-13.

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Guy, P. L., Richardson, K., Young, V., Ward, V., & Gerard, P. (2014, August). White clover cryptic viruses and some cryptic clues. Verbal presentation at the Australasian Plant Virology Workshop (APVW): Plant virology in the 'omics' era, Brisbane, Australia.

2013

Journal - Research Article

Jemon, K., Young, V., Wilson, M., McKee, S., Ward, V., Baird, M., Young, S., & Hibma, M. (2013). An enhanced heterologous virus-like particle for human papillomavirus type 16 tumour immunotherapy. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e66866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066866

Li, K., Peers-Adams, A., Win, S. J., Scullion, S., Wilson, M., Young, V. L., Jennings, P., Ward, V. K., Baird, M. A., & Young, S. L. (2013). Antigen incorporated in virus-like particles is delivered to specific dendritic cell subsets that induce an effective antitumor immune response in vivo. Journal of Immunotherapy, 36(1), 11-19. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3182787f5e

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Jameson, G. N. L., Seidel, A., Parker, H., Turner, R., Dickerhof, N., Wilbanks, S. M., Kettle, A. J., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2013). Uric acid modulates the activity of lactoperoxidase. Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry (NZIC) Conference. Christchurch, New Zealand: NZIC. [Abstract]

Donaldson, B., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2013). Engineering multi-target chimaeric VLPs to enhance efficacy of immunotherapeutic cancer vaccines. Proceedings of the 43rd Australasian Society for Immunology (ASI) Annual Scientific Meeting. (pp. 153). Retrieved from http://www.asi2013.org/

Al-Barwani, F., Young, S., Baird, M., Larsen, D., & Ward, V. (2013). Enhancement of VLP functionality though mannosylation. Proceedings of the 43rd Australasian Society for Immunology (ASI) Annual Scientific Meeting. (pp. 69). Retrieved from http://www.asi2013.org/

Young, V. L., Chiu, E., Metcalf, P., Rajendran, C., Gatehouse, L. N., & Ward, V. K. (2013). Expression and structural characterization of spindles of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) nucleopolyhedrovirus. Proceedings of the Australasian Virology Society (AVS) Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.au/scientific-program/

Waugh, E., Baird, M. A., Fleming, S. B., Brown, C. M., & Ward, V. K. (2013). Murine norovirus interaction with the host response. Proceedings of the Australasian Virology Society (AVS) Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.au/scientific-program/

Greenhough, H., Baker, E. S., Ward, J. M., Lateef, Z., & Ward, V. K. (2013). Role of cholesterol in MNV infection. Proceedings of the Australasian Virology Society (AVS) Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.au/scientific-program/

Donaldson, B., Ward, V., & Young, S. (2013). Enhancing cancer vaccine efficacy through development of multi-target chimaeric VLPS. Proceedings of the Australasian Virology Society (AVS) Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.au/scientific-program/

Davies, C. T., & Ward, V. K. (2013). Murine norovirus and the cell cycle. Proceedings of the Australasian Virology Society (AVS) Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.au/scientific-program/

Al Barwani, F., Baird, M., Young, S., Larsen, D., & Ward, V. (2013). Mannosylated VLP: Potent antigen delivery vehicles. Proceedings of the Australasian Virology Society (AVS) Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.au/scientific-program/

Al Barwani, F., Young, S., Baird, M., Kirman, J., Larsen, D., & Ward, V. (2013). The sweetening of VLP. Proceedings of 15th Conference on Formulation and Delivery of Bioactives: Found in Translation. Retrieved from http://bioactives.otago.ac.nz/

2012

Chapter in Book - Research

Dorrington, R. A., Gorbalenya, A. E., Gordon, K. H. J., Lauber, C., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Family Tetraviridae: Taxonomic structure of the family. In A. M. Q. King, M. J. Adams, E. B. Carstens & E. J. Lefkowitz (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses: Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (pp. 1091-1102). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Journal - Research Article

Baker, E. S., Luckner, S. R., Krause, K. L., Lambden, P. R., Clarke, I. N., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Inherent structural disorder and dimerisation of murine norovirus NS1-2 protein. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e30534. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030534

McKee, S. J., Young, V. L., Clow, F., Hayman, C. M., Baird, M. A., Hermans, I. F., Young, S. L., & Ward, V. K. (2012). Virus-like particles and α-galactosylceramide form a self-adjuvanting composite particle that elicits anti-tumor responses. Journal of Controlled Release, 159(3), 338-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.015

Win, S. J., McMillan, D. G. G., Errington-Mais, F., Ward, V. K., Young, S. L., Baird, M. A., & Melcher, A. A. (2012). Enhancing the immunogenicity of tumour lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccines by conjugation to virus-like particles. British Journal of Cancer, 106, 92-98. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.538

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Al Barwani, F., Young, S., Baird, M., Larsen, D., & Ward, V. (2012). The sweetening of VLP. Proceedings of the Virus-Like Particle & Nano-Particle Vaccines (VLPNPV) International Conference. [CD-ROM] [Abstract]

Jemon, K., Young, V., Wilson, M., McKee, S., Ward, V., Baird, M., Young, S., & Hibma, M. (2012). An enhanced heterologous virus-like particle for human papillomavirus type 16 tumour immunotherapy. Proceedings of the Virus-Like Particle & Nano-Particle Vaccines (VLPNPV) International Conference. [CD-ROM] [Abstract]

Young, S. L., Young, V., Baird, M. A., Ward, V., Hermans, I. F., & McKee, S. J. (2012). Virus-like particle mediated delivery of a-galactosylceramide improves the generation of anti-tumour responses. Immunology, 137(Suppl. s1), (pp. 724). doi: 10.1111/imm.12002

2011

Journal - Research Article

Wong, C. K., Young, V. L., Kleffmann, T., & Ward, V. K. (2011). Genomic and proteomic analysis of invertebrate iridovirus type 9. Journal of Virology, 85(15), 7900-7911. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00645-11

Win, S. J., Ward, V. K., Dunbar, P. R., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2011). Cross-presentation of epitopes on virus-like particles via the MHC I receptor recycling pathway. Immunology & Cell Biology, 89, 681-688. doi: 10.1038/icb.2010.161

Other Research Output

Ward, V. (2011, July). Scratching the surface of viruses. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Inaugural Professorial Lecture].

2010

Chapter in Book - Research

Williams, T., & Ward, V. K. (2010). Iridoviruses. In S. Asgari & K. N. Johnson (Eds.), Insect virology. (pp. 123-151). Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic.

Ward, V. K., Cooke, B. D., & Strive, T. (2010). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and other lagoviruses. In G. S. Hansman, X. J. Jiang & K. Y. Green (Eds.), Caliciviruses: Molecular and Cellular Virology. (pp. 223-246). Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.

Journal - Research Article

Katpally, U., Voss, N. R., Cavazza, T., Taube, S., Rubin, J. R., Young, V. L., … Ward, V. K., … Smith, T. J. (2010). High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of murine norovirus 1 and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus reveal marked flexibility in the receptor binding domains. Journal of Virology, 84(11), 5836-5841. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00314-10

Young, V. L., Sneddon, K. M. B., & Ward, V. K. (2010). Establishment of a neonate cell line from Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that supports replication of E. postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104, 147-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.02.004

Zeddam, J.-L., Gordon, K. H. J., Lauber, C., Felipe Alves, C. A., Luke, B. T., Hanzlik, T. N., Ward, V. K., & Gorbalenya, A. E. (2010). Euprosterna elaeasa virus genome sequence and evolution of the Tetraviridae family: Emergence of bipartite genomes and conservation of the VPg signal with the dsRNA Birnaviridae family. Virology, 397(1), 145-154. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.042

Markwick, N. P., Glare, T. R., Hauxwell, C., Li, Z., Poulton, J., Ward, J. M., Young, V. L., & Ward, V. K. (2010). The infectivity and host range of Orgyia anartoides nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134(1), 61-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01443.x

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Ward, V. K., Li, K., Young, S., & Baird, M. (2010, October). Calicivirus nanoparticles for cancer immunology. Verbal presentation at the Fourth International Conference on Caliciviruses, Santa Cruz, Chile.

2009

Journal - Research Article

Coulibaly, F., Chiu, E., Gutmann, S., Rajendran, C., Haebel, P. W., Ikeda, K., … Ward, V. K., … Metcalf, P. (2009). The atomic structure of baculovirus polyhedra reveals the independent emergence of infectious crystals in DNA and RNA viruses. PNAS, 106(52), 22205-22210. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910686106

Gatehouse, H. S., Poulton, J., Markwick, N. P., Gatehouse, L. N., Ward, V. K., Young, V. L., … Christeller, J. T. (2009). Changes in gene expression in the permissive larval host lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana, Tortricidae) in response to EppoNPV (Baculoviridae) infection. Insect Molecular Biology, 18(5), 635-648. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00904.x

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Li, K., Wilson, M., Young, V., Jennings, P., Ward, V. K., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2009). Analysis of immune cell populations at the tumor site after therapeutic treatment with RHDV VLP. Proceedings of the Australasian Society for Immunology 39th Annual Scientific Meeting. ASI. Retrieved from http://www.asi2009.org/

McKee, S. J., Painter, G. F., Baird, M. A., Ward, V. K., & Young, S. L. (2009). Enhancing the adjuvancy of rabbit haemoragghic disease virus virus-like particles for tumour immunotherapy. Proceedings of the Australasian Society for Immunology 39th Annual Scientific Meeting. ASI. Retrieved from http://www.asi2009.org/

Young, S. L., Win, S., Wilson, M., Young, V., Ward, V. K., & Baird, M. A. (2009). Virus-like particles coupled with proteins are effective immunotherapies against cancer. Proceedings of the Australasian Society for Immunology 39th Annual Scientific Meeting. ASI. Retrieved from http://www.asi2009.org/

Win, S., Young, S., Ward, V., & Baird, M. (2009). The processing and presentation of virus-like particles by dendritic cells to generate anti-tumour immune responses. New Zealand Medical Journal, 122(1299). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1299/3706/content.pdf

Young, S., Win, S., Wilson, M., Young, V., Ward, V., & Baird, M. (2009). The use of virus-like particles as vaccines and immunotherapies for cancer and infectious diseases. Proceedings of the Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases Symposium. WCID. Retrieved from http://www.webstercentre.otago.ac.nz/WCIDSymposiumProgramme.pdf

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Win, S. J., Young, S. L., Ward, V. K., & Baird, M. A. (2009, June). The processing and presentation of virus-like particles by human dendritic cells to generate anti-tumor immunity. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Branch Meeting, Wellington, New Zealand.

Win, S., Ward, V., Young, S., & Baird, M. (2009, February). In vitro processing and presentation of virus-like particles by human dendritic cells to generate anti-cancer immune responses. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Chapter of the Controlled Release Society 11th Conference on Formulation and Delivery of Bioactives, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2008

Journal - Research Article

Gatehouse, L. N., Markwick, N. P., Poulton, J., Young, V. L., Ward, V. K., & Christeller, J. T. (2008). Expression of two heterologous proteins depends on the mode of expression: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods. Bioprocess & Biosystems Engineering, 31(5), 469-475. doi: 10.1007/s00449-007-0184-2

Hartschuh, R. D., Wargacki, S. P., Xiong, H., Neiswinger, J., Kisliuk, A., Sihn, S., Ward, V., … Sokolov, A. P. (2008). How rigid are viruses. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, & Soft Matter Physics, 78(2), 021907. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.021907

Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Perret, R., Ronchese, F., Ward, V. K., Young, V., Young, S. L., & Baird, M. A. (2008). Virus-like particles from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus can induce an anti-tumor response. Vaccine, 26, 5334-5337. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.074

Wilson, S., Baird, M., & Ward, V. K. (2008). Delivery of vaccine peptides by rapid conjugation to baculovirus particles. Vaccine, 26, 2451-2456. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.027

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Ward, V., Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Young, V., Wilson, M., Young, S., & Baird, M. (2008, February). Viruses and virus-like particle engineering for the presentation of proteins and peptides. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Chapter of the Controlled Release Society 10th Conference on Formulation and Delivery of Bioactives, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Win, S., Young, S., Ward, V., & Baird, M. (2008, November). The use of virus-like particles as vaccines and immunotherapies for cancer. Verbal presentation at the Medical Sciences Congress, Queenstown, New Zealand.

Turner, A., Young, S., Baird, M., & Ward, V. (2008, November). Therapeutic vaccination with virus-like particles to impair tumor growth. Verbal presentation at the Medical Sciences Congress, Queenstown, New Zealand.

2007

Journal - Research Article

Peacey, M., Wilson, S., Baird, M. A., & Ward, V. K. (2007). Versatile RHDV virus-like particles: Incorporation of antigens by genetic modification and chemical conjugation. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 98(5), 968-977.

Snell, A. E., Graves, S., Kane, R., Ward, V., Slaney, D., Mercer, A., … Weinstein, P. (2007). Pilot testing a genus wide PCR-based system for arbovirus detection in mosquitoes in New Zealand. Weta, 33, 6-13.

Poulton, J., Markwick, N. P., Ward, V. K., & Young, V. (2007). Host range testing of a nucleopolyhedrovirus of the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana. New Zealand Plant Protection, 60, 26-32.

Gatehouse, H. S., Markwick, N. P., Poulton, J., Ward, V. K., Young, V., Wilson, S., Dellow, R., Sneddon, K., … Christeller, J. T. (2007). Effects of EppoNPV infection on gene expression in Epiphyas postvittana larvae. New Zealand Plant Protection, 60, 33-41.

Ward, V. K., McCormick, C. J., Clarke, I. N., Salim, O., Wobus, C. E., Thackray, L. B., … Lambden, P. R. (2007). Recovery of infectious murine norovirus using pol II-driven expression of full-length cDNA. PNAS, 104(26), 11050-11055.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

D'Costa, Z., Ward, V., Young, S., & Baird, M. (2007). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) virus-like particles (VLPs) activate human dendritic cells when co-delivered with a 'danger signal'. New Zealand Medical Journal, 120(1265). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1265/2822/content.pdf

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Ward, V. K., McCormick, C. J., Clarke, I. N., Wobus, C. E., Thackray, L. B., Virgin, H. W., & Lambden, P. R. (2007, May). Infectious murine norovirus recovered from baculovirus delivery of full-length cDNA. Verbal presentation at the Eight International Symposium on Positive-Strand RNA Viruses, Washington, DC.

Ward, V. (2007, April). Noroviruses and reverse genetics model systems. Verbal presentation at the Webster Centre for Molecular Research in Infectious Diseases Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2006

Journal - Research Article

Young, S. L., Wilson, M., Wilson, S., Beagley, K. W., Ward, V., & Baird, M. A. (2006). Transcutaneous vaccination with virus-like particles. Vaccine, 24, 5406-5412. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.052

Barratt, B. I. P., Murney, R., Easingwood, R., & Ward, V. K. (2006). Virus-like particles in the ovaries of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Comparison of biotypes from Morocco and Europe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 91, 13-18.

Juhl, S. B., Chan, E. P., Ha, Y.-H., Maldovan, M., Brunton, J., Ward, V., … Kalmakoff, J., … Vaia, R. A. (2006). Assembly of Wiseana iridovirus: Viruses for colloidal photonic crystals. Advanced Functional Materials, 16(8), 1086-1094.

2005

Chapter in Book - Research

Hanzlik, T. N., Gordon, K. H. J., Gorbalenya, A. E., Hendry, D. A., Pringle, F. M., Ward, V. K., & Zeddam, J.-L. (2005). Family Tetraviridae: Taxonomic structure of the family. In C. M. Fauquet, M. A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger & L. A. Ball (Eds.), Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses: Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. (pp. 873-883). San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Journal - Research Article

Young, V. L., Simpson, R. M., & Ward, V. K. (2005). Characterization of an exochitinase from Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (family Baculoviridae). Journal of General Virology, 86, 3253-3261.

Radloff, C., Vaia, R. A., Brunton, J., Bouwer, G. T., & Ward, V. K. (2005). Metal nanoshell assembly on a virus bioscaffold. Nano Letters, 5(6), 1187-1191.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper

Radloff, C., Juhl, S., Vaia, R. A., Brunton, J., Ward, V., Kalmakoff, J., … Thomas, E. L. (2005). Bio-scaffolds for ordered nanostructures and metallodielectric nanoparticles [Invited paper]. In W. Y.-C. Lai, S. Pau & O. D. López (Eds.), Proceedings of the SPIE. 5592, (pp. 143-152). Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE. [Full Paper]

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Young, S., Wilson, S., Beagley, K., Ward, V., & Baird, M. (2005, May). Transcutaneous vaccination with virus-like particles. Verbal presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines, Malaga, Spain.

2004

Journal - Research Article

Young, S. L., Buchan, G. S., Slobbe, L. J., Williman, J. A., Wilson, M., Ward, V. K., … Baird, M. A. (2004). Novel vaccine formulations to enhance type 1 immune responses. Immunology, 555-563.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper

Radloff, C., Vaia, R. A., Brunton, J., Ward, V. K., Kalmakoff, J., & Dokland, T. (2004). Bio-scaffolds for metal nanostructures. In N. J. Halas & T. R. Huser (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering. 5512, (pp. 60-67). Bellingham, WA. [Full Paper]

Juhl, S., Ha, Y.-H., Chan, E., Ward, V., Smith, A., Dockland, T., … Vaia, R. (2004). BioHarvesting: Optical characteristics of Wisenia iridovirus assemblies. Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering, 90, (pp. 317-318). [Full Paper]

2003

Journal - Research Article

Khan, S., Sneddon, K., Fielding, B., Ward, V. K., & Davison, S. (2003). Functional characterization of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase gene of Helicoverpa armigera single-enveloped nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated in South Africa. Virus Genes, 27(1), 17-27.

Mustard, J. A., Blenau, W., Hamilton, I. S., Ward, V. K., Ebert, P. R., & Mercer, A. R. (2003). Analysis of two D1-like dopamine receptors from the honey bee Apis mellifera reveals agonist-independent activity. Molecular Brain Research, 113, 67-77.

Humphries, M., Mustard, J. A., Hunter, S. J., Mercer, A. R., Ward, V. K., & Ebert, P. R. (2003). Invertebrate D2 type dopamine receptor exhibits age-based plasticity of expression in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain. Journal of Neurobiology, 55, 315-330.

2002

Chapter in Book - Research

Ward, V. K., Sneddon, K., Hyink, O., & Kalmakoff, J. (2002). Baculovirus genomics: A resource for biocontrol. In R. K. Upadhyay (Ed.), Advances in Microbial Control of Insect Pests. (pp. 127-144). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Journal - Research Article

Gorbalenya, A. E., Pringle, F. M., Zeddam, J.-L., Luke, B. T., Cameron, C. E., Kalmakoff, J., … Ward, V. K. (2002). The palm subdomain-based active site is internally permuted in viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of an ancient lineage. Journal of Molecular Biology, 324, 47-62.

Markwick, N. P., Graves, S., Fairbairn, F., Docherty, L. C., Poulton, J., & Ward, V. K. (2002). Infectivity of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus for New Zealand leafrollers. Biological Control, 25, 207-214.

Hyink, O., Dellow, R., Olsen, M., Caradoc-Davies, K. M. B., Drake, K., Herniou, E. A., … Ward, V. K. (2002). Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of General Virology, 83, 957-971.

2001

Journal - Research Article

Pringle, F. M., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Analysis of the capsid processing strategy of Thosea asigna virus using baculovirus expression of virus-like particles. Journal of General Virology, 82, 259-266.

Caradoc-Davies, K. M. B., Graves, S., O'Reilly, D. R., Evans, O. P., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Identificatioon and in vivo characterization of the Epiphyas postvittana Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ecdysteroid UDP-Glucosyltransferase. Virus Genes, 22(3), 255-264.

Brooks, H. J. L., Mollison, B. D., Bettelheim, K. A., Matejka, K., Paterson, K. A., & Ward, V. K. (2001). Occurrence and virulence factors of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat in Dunedin, New Zealand. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 32(2), 118-122. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00868.x

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Hall, D. C. A., Ward, V. K., Mercer, A. A., O'Keefe, J., & Atkinson, P. (2001). Genetic variation of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in New Zealand since release in 1997. American Sociey of Virology 20th Annual Conference. [Abstract]

Mustard, J. A., Humphries, M., Ebert, P. R., Ward, V. K., & Mercer, A. R. (2001). Identification and characterization of a D1-like dopamine receptor from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. International Journal of Neuroscience. 109, (pp. 207). [Abstract]

2000

Journal - Research Article

Maguire, T., Harrison, P., Hyink, O., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (2000). The inhibitors of apoptosis of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of General Virology, 81, 2803-2811.

Van Meer, M. M. M., Bonning, B. C., Ward, V. K., Vlak, J. M., & Hammock, B. D. (2000). Recombinant, catalytically inactive juvenile hormone esterase enhances efficacy of baculovirus insecticides. Biological Control, 19, 191-199.

Sadler, A. J., Glare, T. R., Ward, V. K., & Kalmakoff, J. (2000). Physical and genetic map of the Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Journal of General Virology, 81, 1127-1133.

1999

Journal - Research Article

Pringle, F. M., Kalmakoff, J., & Ward, V. K. (1999). A novel capsid expression strategy for Thosea asigna virus, a member of the Tetraviridae. Journal of General Virology, 80, 1855-1863.

Walsh, P. J., Glare, T. R., Nelson, T., Sadler, A. J., & Ward, V. K. (1999). Virulence of nucleopolyhedroviruses from Orgyia pseudotsugata and Orgyia leucostigma (Lep., Lymantriidae) for early instars of the white-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123, 375-379.

1998

Journal - Research Article

Sadler, T. J., Ward, V. K., Glare, T. R., & Kalmakoff, J. (1998). Examination of New Zealand's endemic Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus by analysis of the viral polyhedrin gene. Archives of Virology, 143, 2273-2288.

Hyink, O., Graves, S., Fairburn, F. M., & Ward, V. K. (1998). Mapping and polyhedrin gene analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Journal of General Virology, 78, 2853-2862.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper

Graves, S., Markwick, N. P., Vickers, J. M., Christeller, J. T., & Ward, V. K. (1998). Synergistic activities in Wiseana spp. viruses. In M. O'Callaghan & T. A. Jackson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Lincoln Workshop, Microbial Control of Soil Dwelling Pests. (pp. 31-36). [Full Paper]

Sadler, A. J., Ward, V. K., Glare, T. R., & Kalmakoff, J. (1998). Analysis of the polyhedrin gene of a nucleopolyhedrovirus from New Zealand's endemic Wiseana spp. In M. O'Callaghan & R. A. Jackson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Lincoln Workshop, Microbial Control of Soil Dwelling Pests. (pp. 69-74). [Full Paper]

1997

Journal - Research Article

Bonning, B. C., Ward, V. K., Van Meer, M. M. M., Booth, T. F., & Hammock, B. D. (1997). Disruption of lysosomal targeting is associated with insecticidal potency of juvenile hormone esterase. PNAS, 94(12), 6007-6012.

1996

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper

Ward, V. K. (1996). The generation and use of recombinant baculoviruses. In T. A. Jackson & T. R. Glare (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Lincoln Workshop on Microbial Control of Soil Dwelling Pests, Held at the Canterbury Agriculture & Science Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand, February 21-23 1996. (pp. 57-64). Lincoln: Microbial Control Group, AgResearch. [Full Paper]

1995

Chapter in Book - Research

Kreissig, S. B., Ward, V. K., Hammock, B. D., & Choudary, P. V. (1995). Sequence analysis of individual chains of antibodies to triazine herbicides. In J. O. Nelson, A. E. Karu & R. B. Wong (Eds.), Immunoanalysis of agrochemicals: Emerging technologies: ACS Symposium Series (Vol. 586). (pp. 31-49). Washington, DC: ACS. doi: 10.1021/bk-1995-0586.ch003

Journal - Research Article

Kreissig, S. B., Ward, V. K., Hammock, B. D., & Choudary, P. V. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of the variable region of the heavy and light chains of a monoclonal IgG antibody reactive to herbicides, terbutryn and prometryn. DNA Sequence, 61, 51-54.

Film/Video/CD Rom

Brooks, H. J., Ward, V. K., & Todd, B. (1995). The Binocular Microscope with Oil. Dunedin: Educational Technology Support Services, Otago Un.

1991

Chapter in Book - Research

Ward, V. K., & Kalmakoff, J. (1991). Invertebrate Iridoviridae. In E. Kurstak (Ed.), Viruses of invertebrates. (pp. 197-226). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper

Harshman, L. G., Vickers, J. M., Ichinose, R., Grant, D. F., Ward, V. K., Eldridge, B. F., & Hammock, B. D. (1991). Effects of recombinant juvenile hormone esterase on Aedes aegypti. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Conference of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association. 59, (pp. 77-80). Retrieved from http://www.mvcac.org

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Ward, V., Umetsu, T., Possee, R., McCutchen, B. F., Maeda, S., Ichinose, R., … Hammock, B. D. (1991). Use of invertebrate proteins expressed in the baculovirus system to disrupt insect development. Phytoparasitica, 19(4), (pp. 350-351). [Abstract]