Contact Details
- Phone
- 64 3 479 5686
- alison.rich@otago.ac.nz
University Links
- Position
- Professor
- Department
- Department of Oral Sciences
- Qualifications
- BDS(Otago) MDSc PhD(Melb) FRACDS FFOP(RCPA) FRCPath
- Research summary
- Current research interests are in the tumour microenvironment in oral cancer and immune regulation in oral lichen planus.
- Clinical
Alison led the Oral Pathology Centre, which provides specialist diagnostic oral pathology reports to dentists, dental specialists, and anatomical pathologists.
The Centre:
- Analyses 2,500–3,000 specimens annually
- Is fully equiped and certified for histopathology with accreditation in Medical Laboratory Testing (Histology) from International Accreditation New Zealand
- Has Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA), accreditation for teaching oral pathology
Research
Professor Rich's research interests related to gaining a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of oral diseases, particularly oral cancer and oral lichen planus, to complement her clinical speciality of diagnostic oral pathology.
Her main research interest in oral cancer was in developing tools to more accurately predict the transformation of potentially malignant oral diseases to oral cancer and, investigation of the role of immune cells in the oral cancer environment. She has expertise in project design in these areas, in data analysis and in mentoring colleagues and post- and undergraduate students undertaking related projects. She has supervised numerous PhD and DClinDent students from around the world, with particular interest in supporting the development of diagnostic and research oral pathology in the Asia-Pacific region.
Professor Rich was the leader of the Oral Molecular and Immunopathology Programme of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute and had numerous international collaborative projects, especially with colleagues in Malaysia, Australia and Sri Lanka.
Additional details
Professor Rich is a past Chair of the Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA) and is also a past Chief Examiner. She is an Associate Editor of Pathology, the journal of the RCPA. Her laboratory convenes the oral and maxillofacial Quality Assurance Programme for the RCPA.
Alison is the President Elect of the International Association of Oral Pathologists (IAOP) and was previously an IAOP Regional Councillor. She has participated in numerous IAOP congresses over the years.
Publications
Sameera, A., bin Mohd Nizar, M. A., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P., Rich, A. M., & Seo, B. (2026). The relative frequency of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions in a New Zealand population diagnosed at a specialist reference centre. Clinical & Experimental Dental Research, 12, e70330. doi: 10.1002/cre2.70330 Journal - Research Article
Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Friedlander, L. T., Ratnayake, J. T., Rizwan, S. B., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Hussaini, H. M. (2026). Differential expressions of inflammatory, dentinogenic, regulatory, proliferative and stemness genes in non-carious and carious human dental pulp tissues: An ex vivo proof-of-concept study. International Endodontic Journal. Advance online publication. Journal - Research Article
Vargas, P. A., Santos-Silva, A. R., Lingen, M., van Heerden, W., Gomez, R. S., Odell, E., … Rich, A. M. (2026). Golden Jubilee of the International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologists (IAOP). Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2026.01.020 Journal - Research Other
Yakin, M., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2025). Immunohistochemical expression pattern of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor may mark a tipping point in the progression of oral cancer. Scientific Reports, 15, 35059. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96841-7 Journal - Research Article
Sameera, A., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P. R., Rich, A. M., & Sun, Q. (2025, September). Unfolded protein response in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
2026
Journal - Research Article
Sameera, A., bin Mohd Nizar, M. A., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P., Rich, A. M., & Seo, B. (2026). The relative frequency of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions in a New Zealand population diagnosed at a specialist reference centre. Clinical & Experimental Dental Research, 12, e70330. doi: 10.1002/cre2.70330
Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Friedlander, L. T., Ratnayake, J. T., Rizwan, S. B., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Hussaini, H. M. (2026). Differential expressions of inflammatory, dentinogenic, regulatory, proliferative and stemness genes in non-carious and carious human dental pulp tissues: An ex vivo proof-of-concept study. International Endodontic Journal. Advance online publication.
Journal - Research Other
Vargas, P. A., Santos-Silva, A. R., Lingen, M., van Heerden, W., Gomez, R. S., Odell, E., … Rich, A. M. (2026). Golden Jubilee of the International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologists (IAOP). Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2026.01.020
2025
Journal - Research Article
Yakin, M., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2025). Immunohistochemical expression pattern of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor may mark a tipping point in the progression of oral cancer. Scientific Reports, 15, 35059. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96841-7
Journal - Research Other
bin Mohd Nizar, M. A., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., Young, B., & Rich, A. M. (2025). Alveolar lymphangioma in neonate: A case report with immune profile. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/ipd.13309
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Bin-Mohd-Nizar, M. A., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., Sun, Q., Cooper, P., & Rich, A. M. (2025). Endoplasmic reticulum stress in oral lichen planus-associated fibroblasts. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 139(1), (pp. e35). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.10.251
McElroy, K. E., Clark, H. J., Seo, B. L., Hussani, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2025). Cheilitis glandularis: Rare or under-recognized? Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 139(1), (pp. e14). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.10.188
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Sameera, A., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P. R., Rich, A. M., & Sun, Q. (2025, September). Unfolded protein response in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.
2024
Journal - Research Article
Kim, P., Seo, B., Hussaini, H., Rich, A. M., & de Silva, H. (2024). Epidemiology of odontogenic tumours and selected cysts diagnosed at a single New Zealand oral pathology centre: A 15-year retrospective study. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 28, 1595-1603. doi: 10.1007/s10006-024-01290-7
Avery, N., Fukushima, K., Guan, G., Praganta, J., Rich, A., Vincent, M., & Robertson, S. (2024). Familial aggregation of keratinising desquamative squamous metaplasia in the urinary tract. BJU International, 133(Suppl. 3), 15-17. doi: 10.1111/bju.16160
2023
Chapter in Book - Research
Hussaini, H. M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. M. (2023). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. In G. J. Seymour, M. P. Cullinan, N. C. K. Heng & P. R. Cooper (Eds.), Oral biology: Molecular techniques and applications: Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 2588). (3rd ed.) (pp. 439-450). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_26
Chapter in Book - Other
Rich, A. M. (2023). Foreword. In R. Balasubramaniam, S.-C. Yeoh, T. Yap & S. R. Prabhu (Eds.), Oral medicine: A clinical guide. (pp. vii-viii). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-36797-7_24
Journal - Research Article
Alsamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023). Effects of glycation end-products on the dental pulp in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Endodontic Journal, 56, 1373-1384. doi: 10.1111/iej.13966
Edirisinghe, S. T., Devmini, T., Pathmaperuma, S., Weerasekera, M., de Silva, K., Liyanage, I., … Rich, A., De Silva, H., Hussaini, H., … Yasawardene, S. (2023). Risk assessment of alcohol consumption for oral cancer: A case-control study in patients attending the National Cancer Institute (Apeksha Hospital, Maharagama) of Sri Lanka. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24, 1181-1185. doi: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.4.1181
Edirisinghe, S. T., Weerasekera, M., De Silva, D. K., Devmini, M. T., Pathmaperuma, S., Wijesinghe, G. K., … Hussaini, H., Rich, A. M., De Silva, H., Milne, T., … Yasawardene, S. (2023). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) as potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: A Sri Lankan study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24(1), 267-274. doi: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.1.267
Journal - Research Other
Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., Mohd Nizar, M. A., Gavidi, R. O., Tauati-Williams, E., Yakin, M., & Seo, B. (2023). Diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders: Overview and experience in Oceania. Frontiers in Oral Health, 4, 1122497. doi: 10.3389/froh.2023.1122497
2022
Journal - Research Article
Aziz, M. A., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., Hibma, M., & Rich, A. M. (2022). Comparing two methods for the isolation of exosomes. Journal of Nucleic Acids, 8648373. doi: 10.1155/2022/8648373
Edirisinghe, S. T., Weerasekera, M., De Silva, D. K., Liyanage, I., Niluka, M., Madushika, K., … Rich, A. M., De Silva, H., Hussaini, H. M., … Yasawardene, S. (2022). The risk of oral cancer among different categorise tobacco smoking exposure in Sri Lanka. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 23, 2929-2935. doi: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.9.2929
Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Friedlander, L. T., Seo, B., Rizwan, S. B., Rich, A. M., & Hussaini, H. M. (2022). Potentiality and inflammatory marker expression are maintained in dental pulp cell cultures from carious teeth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), 9425. doi: 10.3390/ijms23169425
Seo, B., Coates, D. E., Lewis, J., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. (2022). Unfolded protein response is involved in the metabolic and apoptotic regulation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology, 54(7), 874-881. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.04.003
AlSamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2022). Type 2 diabetes and the clinically normal pulp: An in-vitro study. International Endodontic Journal, 55, 660-671. doi: 10.1111/iej.13732
Tay, W. Z., Dong, F., Kalmadin, N. I., Hussaini, H. M., De Silva, H. L., & Rich, A. M. (2022). PD-L1 expression in non-dysplastic, dysplastic and oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(1), 15-24.
Greer, P. F. C., Rich, A., & Coates, D. E. (2022). Effects of galectin-1 inhibitor OTX008 on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and the role of AP-1 and the MAPK/ERK pathway. Archives of Oral Biology, 132, 105335. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105335
Journal - Research Other
Guan, G., Rich, A. M., Polonowita, A., & Mei, L. (2022). Review of taste and taste disturbance in COVID-19 patients. New Zealand Medical Journal, 135(1549), 81-91. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Arora, S., Cooper, P., Friedlander, L., Rizwan, S., Seo, B., Rich, A., & Hussaini, H. (2022). Evaluation of IL-23 inhibitor as a pulp immunomodulating agent: An in vitro and in vivo study. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(4), (pp. 167). [Abstract]
Sun, Q., Seo, B., Hussaini, H., Guan, S., & Rich, A. (2022). Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in cultured keratinocytes from specimens on oral lichen planus. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(4), (pp. 166). [Abstract]
2021
Journal - Research Article
Chutipongpisit, K., Parachuru, V. P., Friedlander, L. T., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2021). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence expression profile of lymphatic endothelial cell markers in oral cancer. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 102, 268-278. doi: 10.1111/iep.12411
Seo, B., Hussaini, H., & Rich, A. M. (2021). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the oral and maxillofacial pathology diagnostic services in New Zealand. New Zealand Dental Journal, 117(2), 67-72.
Ford, P. J., & Rich, A. M. (2021). Tobacco use and oral health. Addiction, 116, 3531-3540. doi: 10.1111/add.15513
Journal - Research Other
Arora, S., Cooper, P. R., Friedlander, L. T., Rizwan, S., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Hussaini, H. M. (2021). Potential application of immunotherapy for modulation of pulp inflammation: Opportunities for vital pulp treatment. International Endodontic Journal, 54, 1263-1274. doi: 10.1111/iej.13524
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Zainuddin, N. I., Hussaini, H. M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. M. (2021). Nerve sheath myxoma of the oral cavity. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 132(1), (pp. e53). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.189
Thiyahuddin, N., Rich, A. M., Lamping, E., & Cannon, R. D. (2021). Microevolution of Candida albicans strains in older people with low salivary flow. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 132(1), (pp. e48). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.172
Hussaini, H. M., Phua, R., Seo, B., & Rich, A. M. (2021). Do myofibroblasts determine the biological behavior of odontogenetic cysts and tumors? Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 132(1), (pp. e20-e21). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.085
Arora, S., Wan, Z. T., Dong, F., Kalmadin, N. I., de Silva, H., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2021). PD-L1 and FoxP3 expression in oral dysplastic tissues and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 132(1), (pp. e7-e8). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.03.043
2020
Journal - Research Article
Guan, G., Mei, L., Polonowita, A., Hussaini, H., Seo, B., & Rich, A. M. (2020). Malignant transformation in oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions: A 14-year longitudinal cohort study of 829 patients in New Zealand. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 130(4), 411-418. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.07.002
McElroy, K. E., Seo, B. L., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2020). Graft versus host disease: Cases from New Zealand with oral manifestations. New Zealand Dental Journal, 116(2), 47-54.
Olson, H., Ronayne, C., Anakin, M., Meldrum, A., & Rich, A. (2020). Working together in clinical pathology: An interprofessional education initiative for dentistry, oral health, and medical laboratory science teachers and students. MedEdPublish, 9(1), 9. doi: 10.15694/mep.2020.000009.2
Yu, Z., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., Meldrum, A. M., & Rich, A. M. (2020). The relative frequency of paediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in New Zealand: A 10-year review of a national specialist centre. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 30, 209-215. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12590
Berryman, Z., Bridger, L., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., Atieh, M., & Tawse-Smith, A. (2020). Titanium particles: An emerging risk factor for peri-implant bone loss. Saudi Dental Journal, 32, 283-292. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.09.008
Adam, L. A., Oranje, J., Rich, A. M., & Meldrum, A. (2020). Advancing dental education: Feedback processes in the clinical learning environment. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 50(1), 144-157. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1656650
Journal - Research Other
Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., Seo, B., & Zain, R. B. (2020). Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: The contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 50(1), 15-34. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1736586
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Waqa, O., Rich, A., Seo, B., Tong, D., & DeSilva, R. (2020). BRAF mutations in ameloblastoma: Correlation with clinical and histopathological features. British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 58(10), (pp. e206). doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.10.213
Edirisinghe, S., Yasewardene, S., Weerasekera, M., Rich, A., De Silva, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., … Gunasinghe, R. (2020). Association of smoking and level of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Anatomy, 236(Suppl. 1), P1-CM12. doi: 10.1111/joa.13163
2019
Journal - Research Article
Lu, E. M.-C., Ratnayake, J., & Rich, A. M. (2019). Assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression at the invading front of oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health, 19, 233. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0928-9
Yakin, M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. (2019). Tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress up-regulates tumour-promoting cytokines in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cytokine, 120, 130-143. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.013
Mohd Thiyahuddin, N., Lamping, E., Rich, A. M., & Cannon, R. D. (2019). Yeast species in the oral cavities of older people: A comparison between people living in their own homes and those in rest homes. Journal of Fungi, 5(2), 30. doi: 10.3390/jof5020030
Al-Hassiny, A., Hussani, H., Milne, T., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2019). Vascularity and angiogenic signaling in the dentine-pulp complex of immature and mature permanent teeth. European Endodontic Journal, 4(2), 80-85. doi: 10.14744/eej.2019.26349
Journal - Research Other
Yakin, M., Seo, B., Hussaini, H., Rich, A., & Hunter, K. (2019). Human papillomavirus and oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: The essentials. Australian Dental Journal, 64, 11-18. doi: 10.1111/adj.12652
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Rich, A., Hussaini, H., & Seo, B. (2019). Taking a biopsy: Advice for practitioners. NZDA News, 193, 37-40.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Olson, H., Ronayne, C., Anakin, M., Meldrum, A., & Rich, A. (2019). Working together in clinical pathology: An interprofessional education initiative for dentistry, oral health, and medical laboratory science students. Proceedings of the Interprofessional Education Showcase. Retrieved from https://www.nzats.co.nz/news/interprofessional-education-showcase-valuing-interprofessional-education-student-organisational-and-employer-perspectives/
Zainuddin, N. I., Hussaini, H. M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. (2019). Neuropilin-1 expression in the tumour microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 166). [Abstract]
Mohd Thiyahuddin, N., Lamping, E., Rich, A., & Cannon, R. D. (2019). Yeast species in the oral cavities of older people. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 165-166). [Abstract]
Mohammed, H. S., Thomson, W. M., Rich, A. M., & Ting, G. S. (2019). Characteristics of older people presenting to Waikato Hospital Dental Department: A case series analysis. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 165). [Abstract]
Ramasamy, A., Adam, L., Ting, G. S., Rich, A. M., & Senthilkumar, A. (2019). Special Needs Dentistry, how well do you know it? New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 165). [Abstract]
Waqa, O., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., De Silva, R., Tong, D., & Rich, A. M. (2019). BRAF mutations in ameloblastoma: Correlation with clinical and histopathological features. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 164-165). [Abstract]
Adam, L., Meldrum, A., Rich, A. M., & Oranje, J. (2019). It's a matter of time: Supporting effective feedback processes in the clinical learning environment. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 161). [Abstract]
AlSamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2019). The influences of Type 2 diabetes on clinically normal dental pulp tissues. International Endodontic Journal, 52(Suppl. 1), (pp. 39). doi: 10.1111/iej.13172
Alkharusi, A., Hussaini, H., Zain, R., & Rich, A. (2019). Expression of citokines (IL22, IL23, IL17) and STAT3 within metastatic lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 128(1), (pp. e56-e57). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.02.129
Greer, P., Coates, D., & Rich, A. (2019). Galectin-1 inhibition of oral cancer in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 128(1), (pp. e72). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.02.176
Hussaini, H., Ibrahim, N. R., Seo, B., Zain, R., & Rich, A. (2019). Lymphangiogenesis markers in metastatic lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 128(1), (pp. e70). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.02.170
Thiyahuddin, N., Cannon, R., Lamping, E., & Rich, A. (2019). Candida species and strains in the oral cavities of the elderly: A comparison between people in home-based care and in aged-care facilities. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 128(1), (pp. e69). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.02.167
Yakin, M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. (2019). Tunicamycin-induced endoplamic reticulum stress up-regulates tumour-promoting cytokines in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 128(1), (pp. e77). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.02.191
Rich, A. (2019). Oral mucosal dysplasia vs reactive atypia; benign hyperplasia vs verrucous carcinoma. Pathology, 51(Suppl. 1), (pp. S9). doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.12.015
2018
Journal - Research Article
Friedlander, L. T., Coates, D., Seymour, G., Cullinan, M., & Rich, A. M. (2018). Vascularity and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in the dentine–pulp complex of immature and mature permanent teeth. European Endodontic Journal, 3(3), 153-159. doi: 10.14744/eej.2018.07269
Ebbeling, S., Adam, L., Meldrum, A., Rich, A., McLean, A., & Aitken, W. (2018). Oral health and dental students' perceptions of their clinical learning environment: A focus group study. Journal of Dental Education, 82(10), 1036-1042. doi: 10.21815/JDE.018.102
Parachuru, V. P. B., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2018). FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, interleukin 17 and mast cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontal Research, 53(4), 622-635. doi: 10.1111/jre.12552
Al-Hassiny, A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, V. P. B., Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2018). Upregulation of angiogenesis in oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 47(2), 173-178. doi: 10.1111/jop.12665
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Rich, A., Hussaini, H., & Seo, B. (2018). Letter to the Editor: Re: Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumours: Three case reports outlining treatment of large lesions using decompression followed by surgical enucleation NZDJ 114: 29-34 2018. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(2), 59. [Letter].
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Williams, E., Seo, B., Hussaini, H., Coates, D., & Rich, A. M. (2018). Investigation of the presence of human papillomavirus in verrucal-papillary lesions of the oral cavity. In A. Finigan, R. Richards & P. Vakaoti (Eds.), Proceedings of the Pacific Postgraduate Symposium: Pacific Voices XV. (pp. 35). Dunedin, New Zealand: Pacific Islands Centre, University of Otago. Retrieved from https://www.otago.ac.nz/pacific
Lekkas, D., Liu, P., Rountree, J., Rich, A., & Winning, T. (2018). Gender effects on performance on admissions tools and impact on predicting future academic performance. Proceedings of the Higher Education Research & Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA) Annual Conference: (Re)Valuing Higher Education. (pp. 77-78). Retrieved from http://herdsa2018.aomevents.com.au
Greer, P., Rich, A. M., & Coates, D. (2018). A small molecule inhibitor of Galectin-1 and oral squamous cell carcinoma: In vitro studies on therapeutic potential. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 189). [Abstract]
Williams, E., Seo, B., Hussaini, H., Coates, D., & Rich, A. M. (2018). Investigation of the presence of human papillomavirus in verrucal-papillary lesions of the oral cavity. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 188). [Abstract]
Al Samahi, S., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Rich, A., & Friedlander, L. (2018). Increased expression of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in normal dental pulp of Type 2 diabetics. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 187). [Abstract]
2017
Journal - Research Article
Apperley, O., Medlicott, N., Rich, A., Hanning, S., & Huckabee, M. L. (2017). A clinical trial of a novel emulsion for potential use as a saliva substitute in patients with radiation induced xerostomia. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 44(11), 889-895. doi: 10.1111/joor.12545
Kazantseva, M., Hung, N. A., Mehta, S., Roth, I., Eiholzer, R., Rich, A. M., Seo, B., Baird, M. A., Braithwaite, A. W., & Slatter, T. L. (2017). Tumor protein 53 mutations are enriched in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with irregular CD19 marker expression. Scientific Reports, 7, 1566. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01800-6
Seo, B., Hussaini, H. M., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Second opinion oral pathology referrals in New Zealand. Pathology, 49(3), 277-284. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.11.007
Yakin, M., Gavidi, R. O., Cox, B., & Rich, A. (2017). Oral cancer risk factors in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1451), 30-38. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Tawse-Smith, A., Ma, S., Duncan, W. J., Gray, A., Reid, M. R., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Implications of wear at the titanium-zirconia implant-abutment interface on the health of peri-implant tissues. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 32(3), 599-609. doi: 10.11607/jomi.5014
Hussaini, H. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Forkhead box-P3+ regulatory T cells and toll-like receptor 2 co-expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Histochemica, 119(3), 205-210. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.12.005
Avadhani, A. V., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Multiple cells express interleukin 17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 46(1), 39-45. doi: 10.1111/jop.12465
Journal - Research Other
Hussaini, H. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2017). FoxP3 and TLR2 in co-expression in oral cancer. Acta Histochemica, 119(7), 768. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.06.006
Rich, A. M., Seo, B., Parachuru, V., & Hussaini, H. M. (2017). The nexus between periodontics and oral pathology. Periodontology 2000, 74(1), 176-181. doi: 10.1111/prd.12197
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Lekkas, D., Liu, P., Rountree, J., Rich, A., Meldrum, A., & Winning, T. (2017). Gender effects on admission tools and impact on predicting performance. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. B). Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org
Seo, B., & Rich, A. (2017). Oral and maxillofacial pathology services in New Zealand. International Dental Journal, 67(Suppl. 1), (pp. 40). doi: 10.1111/idj.12338
Navani, H. A., Hussaini, H. M., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). Angiopoietins and Tie2 receptor expression in immature permanent teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 50(Suppl. 1), (pp. 53). doi: 10.1111/iej.12813
Suhaimi, A., Broadbent, J., & Rich, A. (2017). Pre-radiation dental assessment of head and neck cancer patients. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 60-61). [Abstract]
Navani, H., Hussaini, H. M., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2017). Angiogenic growth factor expression in the apical papilla of immature permanent teeth. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 53). [Abstract]
Alkharusi, A., Hussaini, H. M., Binti Zain, R., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Expression of STAT 3 and cytokines (IL22, IL23, IL17) within metastatic lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 52). [Abstract]
Abdul Rahman, N., Seo, B., Hussaini, H., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Expression of the lysyl oxidase family in odontogenic lesions. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 53). [Abstract]
Ibrahim, N. R., Hussaini, H. M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Lymphangiogenesis in metastatic lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 52). [Abstract]
Narayan, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2017). In vitro effect of cigarette smoke on DNA methylation in oral cells. New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1460), (pp. 96-97). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
2016
Journal - Research Article
Javvadi, L. R., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T. J., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Regulatory T-cells and IL17A+ cells infiltrate oral lichen planus lesions. Pathology, 48(6), 564-573. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.002
Foster Page, L. A., Gray, L., Gallagher, P., McKinlay, E., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Untangling the web of influences on dental students' participation in interprofessional education programs. Journal of Dental Education, 80(6), 677-685.
Seo, B., Coates, D. E., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Unfolded protein response-related gene regulation in inflamed periodontal tissues with and without Russell bodies. Archives of Oral Biology, 69, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.04.009
Yakin, M., Jalal, J. A., Al-Khurri, L. E., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Oral and maxillofacial pathology submitted to Rizgary Teaching Hospital: A 6-year retrospective study. International Dental Journal, 66(2), 78-85. doi: 10.1111/idj.12211
Sinon, S. H., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Firth, F. A., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. J. (2016). Downregulation of toll-like receptor-mediated signalling pathways in oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 45, 28-34. doi: 10.1111/jop.12319
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Zain, R. B., Kallarakkal, T. G., Ramanathan, A., Kim, J., Tilakaratne, W. M., Takata, T., … Rich, A., Hussaini, H. M., & Jalilzadeh, A. (2016). Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavity: Application of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17(9), 4491-4501. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.(9).4491
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Seo, B., Ramsay, M., Park, S., Yakin, M., & Rich, A. (2016). Caldesmon expression in odontogenic cysts. Journal of Dental Research, 95(Spec Iss B), 1770. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/
Chutipongpisit, K., Parachuru, V. P., Hussaini, H. M., Friedlander, L. T., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Lymphangiogenic factors in oral cancer. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 22). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026
Narayan, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2016). Cigarette smoke, DNA methylation and oral cancer. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 21-22). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026
Yakin, M., Seo, B., & Rich, A. (2016). Endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates the pathogenesis of oral cancer through STAT3-pathway-dependent immune responses. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 21). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026
Seo, B., Coates, D., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2016). Profiling the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress in oral cancer. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 21). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026
Rich, A. (2016). The microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma [Keynote]. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 16). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026
2015
Journal - Research Article
Friedlander, L. T., Hussaini, H., Cullinan, M. P., Seymour, G. J., De Silva, R. K., De Silva, H., Cameron, C., & Rich, A. M. (2015). VEGF and VEGFR2 in dentigerous cysts associated with impacted third molars. Pathology, 47(5), 446-451. doi: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000272
Anderson, V. R., Rapana, S. T., Broughton, J. R., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2015). Preliminary findings from the Oranga Niho dental student outplacement project. New Zealand Dental Journal, 111(1), 6-14.
Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, V. P. B., Kardos, T. B., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2015). Regulation of immune cells in oral lichen planus. Archives of Dermatological Research, 307, 333-339. doi: 10.1007/s00403-015-1540-8
Bakri, M. M., Rich, A. M., Cannon, R. D., & Holmes, A. R. (2015). In vitro expression of Candida albicans alcohol dehydrogenase genes involved in acetaldehyde metabolism. Molecular Oral Microbiology, 30(1), 27-38. doi: 10.1111/omi.12064
Journal - Research Other
Tawse-Smith, A., Atieh, M. A., Leichter, J., Girvan, L., & Rich, A. M. (2015). Peri-implant bone loss and its uncommon causes: A case report. Clinical Advances in Periodontics, 5(4), 242-247. doi: 10.1902/cap.2014.140024
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Avadhani, A. V., Milne, T., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Interleukin-17 induces matrix metalloproteinase activation and invasion in oral cancer. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2331200. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/
Seo, B., Coates, D. E., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Unfolded protein response gene expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2334821. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/
Narayan, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Effect of cigarette smoke on oral cells. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2338253. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/
Gavidi, R. O., King, T. V., Rich, A., & Cox, B. (2015). Oral cancer amongst Pacific Islanders in New Zealand from 2000-2010. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2338882. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/
Avadhani, A., Milne, T., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Interleukin 17 promotes tumor progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 75(15, Suppl.), 4151. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4151
Allsobrook, O., Parachuru, V., Milne, T., Friedlander, L., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Angiogenic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 119(3), (pp. e140). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.163
Javvadi, R., Parachuru, V., Milne, T., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015). Novel cytokines in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 119(3), (pp. e183). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.357
Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., Milne, T., Praveen, P. V., & Seymour, G. J. (2015). Co-expression of TLR2 and Treg in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 119(3), (pp. e112-e113). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.044
Parachuru, V. P. B., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. (2015). IL17+ cells in periodontal disease: Are they T cells? Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 119(3), (pp. e181-e182). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.352
Avadhani, A. V., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, P., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. (2015). Multiple cell types express interleukin 17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 119(3), (pp. e131). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.125
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Tawse-Smith, A., Ma, S., Duncan, W. J., Swain, M. V., & Rich, A. M. (2015, November-December). Wear at the titanium-zirconia implant-abutment interfaces. Poster session presented at the 91st Annual Greater New York Dental Meeting (GNYDM), New York, NY.
Avadhani, A., Milne, T., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015, October). Interleukin-17 induces matrix metalloproteinase activation and invasion in oral cancer. Poster session presented at the Otago Spotlight Series: Cancer Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
Seo, B., Coates, D., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2015, October). Endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with the modulation of apoptosis-associated unfolded protein response genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Poster session presented at the Otago Spotlight Series: Cancer Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
2014
Journal - Research Article
Gavidi, R. O., Rich, A. M., Cox, B., & King, T. (2014). Comparing the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma in New Zealand and the Fiji Islands from 2000-2010. International Journal of Cancer Research, 48(1), 1212-1225.
Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Toll-like receptors and cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 464. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00464
Bakri, M. M., Cannon, R. D., Holmes, A. R., & Rich, A. M. (2014). Detection of Candida albicans ADH1 and ADH2 mRNAs in human archival oral biopsy samples. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 43(9), 704-710. doi: 10.1111/jop.12193
Parachuru, V. P. B., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T-cells and interleukin 17-positive T-helper 17 cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontal Research, 49(6), 817-826. doi: 10.1111/jre.12169
Hunter, K., Speight, P., Wright, J., van Heerden, W., Rich, A., & Franklin, C. (2014). An international survey of speciality training in oral and maxillofacial pathology. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 43(3), 232-236. doi: 10.1111/jop.12118
Journal - Research Other
Goldsmith, S. M., Seo, B. L., de Silva, R. K., Parachuru, P., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Oral mycosis fungoides: Report with immune profile. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 118(2), e48-e52. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.10.005
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Seo, B. L., & Rich, A. M. (2014). Salivary gland tumours: Our experience at Medlab Dental Oral Pathology Diagnostics Services. NZDA News, (October), 35-42.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Friedlander, L. T., Rich, A. M., Cullinan, M. P., De Silva, H., De Silva, G. R., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Spatial localization of angiogenic growth factors and receptors in immature permanent teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 47(1), (pp. -96). doi: 10.1111/iej.12212
Seo, B. L., Coates, D. E., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2014). Differential response to ER stress in normal and malignant keratinocytes. Journal of Dental Research, 93(Spec Iss C), 55. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org
Mohamed Thani, W. S., MacFadyen, E., Rich, A. M., & Cannon, R. D. (2014). Fluconazole resistance against oral candida in patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Dental Research, 93(Spec Iss C). Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org
Rich, A. M. (2014). Curriculum review: National and international perspectives. Journal of Dental Research, 93(Spec Iss C). Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org
Rich, A., Hussaini, H., Parachuru, P., & Seymour, G. (2014). The tumour microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology, 46(Suppl. 1), (pp. S9). doi: 10.1097/01.PAT.0000443428.93240.0b
Gavidi, R. O., Cox, B., King, T., & Rich, A. M. (2014). Epidemiological differences in oral squamous cell carcinoma in New Zealand and Fiji. Pathology, 46(Suppl. 1), (pp. S9). doi: 10.1097/01.PAT.0000443429.70369.cb
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Javvadi, R., Parachuru, V. P. B., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2014, May). Expression of IL33 and IL35 in oral lichen planus. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Avadhani, A. V., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. J. (2014, May). Multiple cell types express interleukin 17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Allsobrook, O. F. L., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T. J., Friedlander, L. T., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2014, May). Angiogenic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Al-Hassiny, A., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Friedlander, L. T., & Seymour, G. J. (2014, May). The role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Poster session presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) New Zealand Section Student Poster Competition, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Avadhani, A., Rich, A., Parachuru, P., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. (2014, September). Multiple cell types express interleukin 17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Poster session presented at the Division of Health Sciences Research Forum: Learning Different Research Languages, Dunedin, New Zealand.
2013
Journal - Research Article
Kamel, M. S., Broadbent, J. M., & Rich, A. M. (2013). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of oral leukoplakia in a New Zealand population: Analysis of a 10-year case series. Journal of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Epidemiology, 1(4), 6-13.
Sinon, S. H., Rich, A. M., Firth, N. A., & Seymour, G. J. (2013). Qualitative and quantitative assessment of immune cells in oral mucosal lichen planus (OMLP). Sains Malaysiana, 42(1), 65-71.
Sinon, S. H., Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., Yoon, H.-S., Firth, N. A., & Seymour, G. J. (2013). Metastases to the oral region from pleural mesothelioma: Clinicopathologic review. Head & Neck, 35(4), 599-604. doi: 10.1002/hed.21942
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Zain, R. B., Kallarakkal, T. G., Ramanathan, A., Kim, J., Tilakaratne, W. M., Takata, T., … Rich, A., … and an International Participating Group (IPG). (2013). A consensus report from the first Asian regional meeting on the terminology and criteria for verruco-papillary lesions of the oral cavity held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 15-18, 2013. Annals of Dentistry, 20(2), 1-3. [Professional Guidelines].
Rich, A. (2013). [Review of the book Oral and maxillofacial pathology: A rationale for diagnosis and treatment: Volume 1 and II]. New Zealand Dental Journal, 109(1), 32. [Book Review].
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Rich, A. M., Stephenson, B., Rountree, J., Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2013). Do socio-demographic characteristics relate to dental student performance? In G. Laven, D. Lekkas, R. Sladek, A. Rich, I. Wilson, P. Clements, … V. Bulsara (Eds.), Proceedings of the MedDent Selection Forum: Selecting Dental and Medical Students: The Australian and New Zealand Experience. (pp. 40). Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide. [Abstract]
Gavidi, R., Rich, A., Cox, B., & King, T. (2013). Comparing the prevalence of oral cancer in Fiji and New Zealand (2000-2010). In C. Matthewson, M. Taumoepeau, G. Burnett & I. Iati (Eds.), Proceedings of the Pacific Postgraduate Symposium: Pacific Voices X. (pp. 25). Dunedin, New Zealand: Pacific Islands Centre, University of Otago. [Abstract]
Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, V. P., Milne, T., Saleh, A., Zain, R. B., & Seymour, G. J. (2013). T-cell anergy and tolerance patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Dental Research, 92(Spec Iss A), 2704. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, V. P., Kardos, T. B., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2013). Regulation of immune cells in oral lichen planus. Journal of Dental Research, 92(Spec Iss A), 2274. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Conference Contribution - Edited volume of conference proceedings
Laven, G., Lekkas, D., Sladek, R., Rich, A., Wilson, I., Clements, P., … Bulsara, V. (Eds.). (2013). Proceedings of the MedDent Selection Forum: Selecting Dental and Medical Students: The Australian and New Zealand Experience. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide. 57p.
Other Research Output
Rich, A. (2013, August). Prognosis from patterns. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Inaugural Professorial Lecture].
2012
Journal - Research Article
Hussaini, H. M., Angel, C. M., Speight, P. M., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2012). A double-clear variant of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland. Head & Neck Pathology, 6(4), 471-475. doi: 10.1007/s12105-012-0350-y
Rich, A. M., Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Sinclair, R. J., Rohan, M. J., & Seymour, G. J. (2012). Does performance in selection processes predict performance as a dental student? European Journal of Dental Education, 16(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2011.00706.x
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L. T., Parachuru, P., Kardos, T. B., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2012). Immunoregulatory cells in oral lichen planus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 114(4), (pp. e40). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.07.477
Kamel, M. S., Broadbent, J., & Rich, A. M. (2012). Characteristics and behaviour of leukoplakia: An analysis of follow-up data in a 10-year case-series. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 114(4), (pp. e63). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.08.101
Seo, B. L., Coates, D., Seymour, G. J., Milne, T., Leichter, J., & Rich, A. M. (2012). Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Russell bodies in periodontal inflammation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Oral Radiology, 114(4), (pp. e33). doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.07.446
Seo, B. L., Coates, D. E., Rich, A., Milne, T., Leichter, J., & Seymour, G. J. (2012). Endoplasmic reticulum stress in periodontal inflammation and Russell body presentation. Journal of Dental Research, 91(Spec Iss C), 169256. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Firth, F. A., Friedlander, L., Parachuru, V., Kardos, T., Rich, A., & Seymour, G. (2012). Regulation of immune cells in oral lichen planus. Journal of Dental Research, 91(Spec Iss C), 169862. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Firth, N., & Rich, A. (2012). Ameloblastic carcinoma: Report of two cases. Pathology, 44(Suppl. 1), (pp. S12-S13). [Abstract]
Gavidi, R. O., Rich, A., Firth, N., & Cox, B. (2012). Oral cancer: A silent killer amongst the Pacific Island community living in New Zealand. In C. Matthewson, M. Taumoepeau, G. Burnett & I. Iati (Eds.), Proceedings of the Pacific Postgraduate Symposium: Pacific Voices IX. (pp. 19). Dunedin, New Zealand: Pacific Islands Centre, University of Otago. [Abstract]
2011
Journal - Research Article
Anderson, V. R., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Undergraduate dental education in New Zealand: 2007-2009 final-year student feedback on clinical learning environments. New Zealand Dental Journal, 107(3), 85-90.
Jattan, R., De Silva, H. L., De Silva, R. K., Rich, A. M., & Love, R. M. (2011). A case series of odontogenic keratocysts from a New Zealand population over a 20-year period. New Zealand Dental Journal, 107(4), 112-116.
Hussaini, H. M., Waddell, J. N., Girvan, L., West, L. M., Kardos, T. B., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Silver solder ″tattoo,″: A novel form of oral pigmentation identified with the use of field emission scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectrography. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology & Endodontology, 112(4), e6-e10. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.049
Desai, S. V., Love, R. M., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Toll-like receptor 2 expression in refractory periapical lesions. International Endodontic Journal, 44(10), 907-916. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01893.x
Campbell, D. I., De Silva, R. K., De Silva, H., Sinon, S. H., & Rich, A. M. (2011). Temporomandibular joint synovial chondromatosis with intracranial extension: A review and observations of patient observed for 4 years. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 69(8), 2247-2252. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.10.042
Ng, L. K., Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., Thomson, W. M., Fisher, A. L., Horne, L. S., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Toll-like receptor 2 is present in the microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer, 104(3), 460-463. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606057
Desai, S. V., Love, R. M., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Antigen recognition and presentation in periapical tissues: A role for TLR expressing cells? International Endodontic Journal, 44(2), 87-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01817.x
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Hussaini, H. M., Saleh, A., Parachuru, P., Milne, T., Zain, R., Firth, N., Rich, A., & Seymour, G. (2011). T-cell anergy and tolerance patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Dental Research, 90(Spec Iss B), 102. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Mohd Sinon, S. H., Rich, A. M., Firth, N., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative immune cells assessment in oral lichen planus. Journal of Dental Research, 90(Spec Iss B), 191. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Friedlander, L. T., Coates, D. E., Cullinan, M. P., Seymour, G. J., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2011). Vascular and angiogenic markers in the dentine-pulp complex of immature permanent teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 44(12), (pp. 1215). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01914.x
Seo, B. L., Rich, A. M., Coates, D., Leichter, J., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Inflammation, Russell bodies, GRP78 and endoplasmis reticulum stress: Are they linked? Pathology, 43(Suppl. 1), (pp. S13). doi: 10.1097/01.PAT.0000394557.13378.f4
Smith, M., Duncan, W., Coates, D., Tawse-Smith, A., Leichter, J., & Rich, A. (2011). Two bovine xenografts compared in the sheep maxillary sinus model. New Zealand Dental Journal. 107, (pp. 133). [Abstract]
Hussaini, H., Rich, A., Firth, N., & Seymour, G. (2011). T cell anergy and immune tolerance patterns in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded oral squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic lymph nodes. New Zealand Dental Journal, 107, (pp. 131). [Abstract]
Parachuru, P., Seymour, G., Rich, A., Milne, T., Coates, D., Cullinan, M., & Heng, N. (2011). Tregs and IL17 + cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues. New Zealand Dental Journal. 107, (pp. 133). [Abstract]
Rich, A. M., Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Sinclair, R. J., Seymour, G. J., & Rohan, M. J. (2011). Does performance in selection processes predict performance as a dental student? In K. Shephard, T. Harland & A. Cohen (Eds.), Proceedings of the Spotlight on Teaching and Learning Colloquium. (pp. 56). Dunedin, New Zealand: HEDC, University of Otago. [Abstract]
Praveen, P. V., Rich, A. M., Horne, L., Hussaini, H. M., Heng, N. C. K., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Regulatory T-cells and Th17-cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues. Journal of Dental Research, 90(Spec Iss A), 1429. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Smith, M., Duncan, W., Coates, D., Tawse-Smith, A., Leichter, J., & Rich, A. (2011, August). Two bovine xenograft compared in the sheep maxillary sinus model. Poster session presented at the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Rich, A. (2011, November). What specimens are referred from general pathologists to oral pathologists for review? Verbal presentation at the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia & New Zealand Society of Pathologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand.
Paracharu, P., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2011, November). IL-17 cells in periodontal disease: Are they T cells? Verbal presentation at the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia & New Zealand Society of Pathologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Auckland, New Zealand.
Parachuru, P., Seymour, G., Rich, A., Milne, T., Coates, D., Cullinan, M., & Heng, N. (2011, August). Tregs and IL17+ cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day, Dunedin, New Zealand.
2010
Journal - Research Article
Mohd Bakri, M., Hussaini, H. M., Holmes, A. R., Cannon, R. D., & Rich, A. M. (2010). Revisiting the association between candidal infection and carcinoma, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2, 5780. doi: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5780
Rosdy, N. M. M. N. M., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2010). Calibre-persistent labial artery: Often misdiagnosed as a mucocoele. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 39(12), 1230-1233. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.05.003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Sinon, S. H., Firth, N. A., Campbell, D. I., De Silva, R. K., & Rich, A. M. (2010). Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint: A case report with clinical and immunodiagnostic findings. Pathology, 42(Suppl. 1), (pp. S15). [Abstract]
Hussaini, H. M., Firth, N. A., Speight, P. M., Hunter, L. A., Worthington, J. P., & Rich, A. M. (2010). When three's a crowd: A case of a hybrid odontogenic tumour with malignant transformation. Pathology, 42(Suppl. 1), (pp. S14-S15). [Abstract]
Anderson, V., Tawse-Smith, A., & Rich, A. (2010). Shifting countries, classrooms and clinics: Facilitating smooth transitions for students in partnered dental education. Proceedings of the Tertiary Education Research in New Zealand (TERNZ) Conference. (pp. 5-7). Retrieved from http://www.herdsa.org.nz/Ternz/2010/programme.html
Mohd, S., Rich, A., Firth, N., Seymour, G., & Milne, T. (2010). Does the Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2) play a role in Oral Mucosal Lichen Planus (OMLP)? Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/index.html
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Anderson, V., Tawse-Smith, A., & Rich, A. (2010, March). A research-informed bridging programme for students in partnered dental education. Verbal presentation at the 7th International Medical Education Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2009
Journal - Research Article
Kaur, J., Hay, K. D., Macdonald, H., & Rich, A. M. (2009). Retrospective audit of the use of the Marx Protocol for prophylactic hyperbaric oxygen therapy in managing patients requiring dental extractions following radiotherapy to the head and neck. New Zealand Dental Journal, 105(2), 47-50.
Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Newton, J. T., Morgaine, K. C., & Rich, A. M. (2009). Self-reported occupational health of general dental practitioners. Occupational Medicine, 59(3), 142-148. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqp004
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Greer, P., Hussaini, H. M., Horne, L., Firth, N., & Rich, A. (2009). Expression of cytokeratins in odontogenic tumours. Journal of Dental Research, 88(Spec Iss B), 653. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Ng, L. K., Rich, A. M., Seymour, G. J., Hussaini, H. M., Fisher, A., Horne, L., & Milne, T. J. (2009). TLR2 expression in oral cancer, dysplastic and hyperplastic lesions. Journal of Dental Research, 88(Spec Iss A), 388. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Mohd Bakri, M., Horne, L., Fisher, M., Holmes, A. R., Cannon, R. D., & Rich, A. M. (2009). Role of Candida albicans in pre-cancerous oral lesions. Journal of Dental Research, 88(Spec Iss A), 3077. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Hussaini, H. M., Horne, L., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2009). Increased number of CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T-Cells and fas expression on tumour infiltrating lymphocytes within oral squamous cell carcinomas. Pathology, 41(Suppl. 1), (pp. 51). [Abstract]
Sinon, S. H., Hussaini, H. M., Danesh-Meyer, M. J., Horne, L., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2009). Solitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A focal defect or a beginning of a widespread disease? Pathology, 41(Suppl. 1), (pp. 65). [Abstract]
Ng, L. K., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2009). TLR2 expression in oral cancer, dysplastic and hyperplastic lesions. Pathology, 41(Suppl. 1), (pp. 64-65). [Abstract]
Desai, S. V., Love, R. M., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2009). Expression of Toll-like receptor-2 in periapical lesions of endodontic origin. International Endodontic Journal. 42(12), (pp. 1135). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01618.x
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Praveen, P. V., Seymour, G. J., Rich, A. M., Horne, L., & Hussaini, H. M. (2009, June). Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory T cells in periodontal disease. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Branch Meeting, Wellington, New Zealand.
Sinon, S. H., Hussaini, H. M., Horne, L., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2009, June). Solitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A focal defect or a beginning of a widespread disease? Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Branch Meeting, Wellington, New Zealand.
Seymour, G. J., Rich, A. M., Firth, N. A., Horne, L., Praveen, P. V., & Hussaini, H. M. (2009, June). Increased number of TLR2+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and possible contact-dependent association of TLR2 and regulatory T cells in tumour infiltrating lymphocytes within oral squamous cell carcinoma. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Branch Meeting, Wellington, New Zealand.
2008
Journal - Research Article
Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Al-Hassiny, H., Rich, A. M., & Newton, J. T. (2008). A qualitative investigation of the experiences of immigrant dentists working in New Zealand. New Zealand Dental Journal, 104(3), 97-103.
Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Whyman, R. A., Rich, A. M., & Newton, J. T. (2008). Changes in the New Zealand dentist workforce over a nine-year period. New Zealand Dental Journal, 104(1), 19-26.
Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Newton, J. T., & Rich, A. M. (2008). Job stressors of New Zealand dentists and their coping strategies. Occupational Medicine, 58(4), 275-281. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqn014
Ayers, K. M. S., Thomson, W. M., Rich, A. M., & Newton, J. T. (2008). Gender differences in dentists' working practices and job satisfaction. Journal of Dentistry, 36(5), 343-350. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.01.012
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Tong, D. C., Leaper, M. R., Colquhoun, A. N., & Rich, A. M. (2008). An unusual presentation of oropharyngeal mucosal plasmacytosis related to toothpaste. Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 122(10), 1112-1114. doi: 10.1017/s0022215107000631
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Ng, L., Rich, A., & Seymour, G. (2008). The expression of toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and irritative hyperplastic lesions. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1274). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1274/3078/content.pdf
Bakri, M., Horne, L., Fisher, M., Holmes, A. R., Cannon, R. D., & Rich, A. (2008). Role of Candida albicans in pre-cancerous oral lesions. Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/rd2008/presentations.html
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Bakri, M., Horne, L., Fisher, M., Holmes, A. R., Cannon, R. D., & Rich, A. (2008, October). Role of Candida albicans in pre-cancerous oral lesions. Poster session presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Australia-New Zealand Division of the International Association for Dental Research, Perth, Western Australia.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Hussaini, H. M., Sinon, S. H., Horne, L. S., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (2008, June). Peripheral ameloblastoma: Case report, clinico-pathological review and immunohistological study. Verbal presentation at the Clinical Excellence Symposium of Patient Care, Dunedin, New Zealand.
2007
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Rich, A. M., Firth, N. A., & Kardos, T. B. (2007). Review of oral pathology service, Medlab Dental, University of Otago, 2002-2005. New Zealand Dental Journal, 103(2), 34-36.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kaur, J., Hay, K., Rich, A., & Macdonald, H. (2007). Using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to prevent osteoradionecrosis in irradiated jaws. Journal of Dental Research, 86(Spec Iss B). Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org
Kaur, J., Rich, A. M., Hay, K. D., & Macdonald, H. (2007). The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to prevent osteoradionecrosis in irradiated jaws. New Zealand Medical Journal, 120(1255). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1255/2574/content.pdf
Kaur, J., Hay, K. D., Macdonald, H., & Rich, A. M. (2007). Use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to prevent osteoradionecrosis in irradiated jaws. Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/rd2007/presentations.html
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Bakri, M., Holmes, A. R., Cannon, R. D., & Rich, A. (2007, November). The Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ADH) genes of Candida albicans. Verbal presentation at the Joint New Zealand Microbiology Society and New Zealand Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Annual Conference, Wellington, New Zealand.
2006
Journal - Research Article
Lou, S. M.-Y., Rich, A. M., De Silva, R. K., & Ferguson, M. M. (2006). Pleomorphic adenoma of a molar salivary gland. Oral Oncology EXTRA, 42, 170-172.
2005
Journal - Research Article
Innes, P., & Rich, A. (2005). Changes in the selection of dental students in New Zealand. New Zealand Dental Journal, 101(1), 19-21.
2004
Journal - Research Article
Beggs, K. T., Holmes, A. R., Cannon, R. D., & Rich, A. M. (2004). Detection of Candida albicans mRNA in archival histopathology samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(5), 2275-2278.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper
Rich, A. M. (2004). Granulomatous lesions of the oral region. Proceedings of the Pathology Update: Annual Meeting of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. [CD-ROM] [Full Paper]
2003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Grieve, J. R., Rich, A. M., Firth, N. A., & Thomson, W. M. (2003). Follow-up of patients with leukoplakia: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Dental Research, 82(Spec Iss C), (pp. C-77). [Abstract]
2002
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Firth, N. A., Mat-Ripen, S., Mohommad, H., McKelvey, H., & Rich, A. M. (2002). Odontogenic keratocysts: A ten year retrospective study in New Zealand. Journal Oral Pathology and Medicine. 31, (pp. 293-294). [Abstract]
2001
Journal - Research Article
Rich, A. M., & Reade, P. C. (2001). Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in experimental oral mucosal carcinogenesis. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 30, 389-397.
2000
Journal - Research Article
Rich, A. M. (2000). Tongue lesions: What can it be? Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons, 15, 106-110.
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Reade, P. C., & Rich, A. M. (2000). Intraoral infections. New Ethicals Journal, 3, 53-55.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Burns, R., Mills, M., Firth, N. A., Rich, A. M., & Clement, J. G. (2000). Parathyroid-hormone-related protein: Immunohistochemical localization in oral lesions. Australian Dental Journal. 45, (pp. S4). [Abstract]
1999
Journal - Research Article
Rich, A. M., Kerdpon, D., & Reade, P. C. (1999). P53 expression in oral precancer and cancer. Australian Dental Journal, 44, 103-105.
Rich, A. M., Firth, N. A., & Reade, P. C. (1999). A colour atlas of gum diseases: Part 1: Infectious and immunological causes. Modern Medicine, 42, 66-81.
Rich, A. M., Firth, N. A., & Reade, P. C. (1999). A colour atlas of gum diseases. Part 2: noninfectious causes. Modern Medicine, 42, 28-37.
Polonowita, A. D., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (1999). Verruciform xanthoma and concomitant lichen planus of the oral mucosa. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 28, 62-66.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Firth, N. A., Burns, R., Rich, A. M., & Clement, J. G. (1999). The expression of anti-parathyroid-hormone-related-protein in oral lesions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 88, (pp. 212). [Abstract]
1998
Journal - Research Article
Firth, N. A., Rich, A. M., & Reade, P. C. (1998). A colour atlas of diseases of the tongue. Modern Medicine, 41, 34-45.
Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles
Rich, A. M., & Firth, N. A. (1998). Oral medicine quiz. New Ethicals, 1(12), 74.
Rich, A. M., Morgan, M. V., & Reade, P. C. (1998). Proposed prognostic index to assess potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions. Journal of Dental Research, 77, 1131.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Polonowita, A. D., Firth, N. A., & Rich, A. M. (1998). Verruciform xanthoma and concomitant lichen planus of the oral mucosa. Journal of Dental Research. 77, (pp. 1135). [Abstract]
1997
Journal - Research Article
Kerdpon, D., Rich, A. M., & Reade, P. C. (1997). Expression of p53 in oral mucosal hyperplasia, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Diseases, 3, 86-92.