
Contact Details
- Phone
- +64 3 479 7105
- trudy.milne@otago.ac.nz
University Links
- Position
- Senior Research Fellow
- Qualifications
- NZCS PhD
- Research summary
- Oral health
Research
Dr Milne's research continues in a number of oral health areas including endodontics, periodontology and orthodontics.
Investigation of periodontopathogens and their association with angiogenic and inflammatory gene expression in dental pulp continues with the hope of improved dental treatment outcomes for smokers and patients with Type 2 diabetes. A study of a grafting material in a bone-healing sheep model and the genes associated with osteogenesis aims to advance the development of implant options for dental patients.
Dr Milne is also investigating the role osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells play in the immune response and bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement.
Publications
Patel, S., Yang, E., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2025). Angiogenic effects of type 2 diabetes on the dental pulp. International Endodontic Journal, 58, 434-448. doi: 10.1111/iej.14181 Journal - Research Article
Alsamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023). Effects of glycation end-products on the dental pulp in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Endodontic Journal, 56, 1373-1384. doi: 10.1111/iej.13966 Journal - Research Article
Ram, A., Duncan, W. J., Coates, D. E., Nobakht, S., Tkatchenko, T., & Milne, T. J. (2023). Bone remodelling marker expression in grafted and ungrafted sheep tooth extraction sockets: A comparative randomised study. Archives of Oral Biology, 153, 105738. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105738 Journal - Research Article
Nobakht, S., Milne, T. J., Duncan, W. J., Ram, A., Tkatchenko, T., Dong, Z., & Coates, D. E. (2023). Expression of the pleiotrophin–midkine axis in a sheep tooth socket model of bone healing. Journal of Periodontal Research, 58, 109-121. doi: 10.1111/jre.13073 Journal - Research Article
AlSamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2022). Type 2 diabetes and the clinically normal pulp: An in-vitro study. International Endodontic Journal, 55, 660-671. doi: 10.1111/iej.13732 Journal - Research Article
Itskovich, Y., Meikle, M. C., Cannon, R. D., Farella, M., Coates, D. E., & Milne, T. J. (2021). Differential behaviour and gene expression in 3D cultures of femoral- and calvarial-derived human osteoblasts under a cyclic compressive mechanical load. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 129, e12818. doi: 10.1111/eos.12818 Journal - Research Article
Perry, S. E., Huckabee, M.-L., Tompkins, G., & Milne, T. (2020). The association between oral bacteria, the cough reflex and pneumonia in patients with acute stroke and suspected dysphagia. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 47, 386-394. doi: 10.1111/joor.12903 Journal - Research Article
Reid, P., Heng, N. C. K., Hale, J. D., Krishnan, D., Crane, J., Tagg, J. R., & Milne, T. J. (2020). A TaqMan™-based quantitative PCR screening assay for the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 based on the specific detection of its megaplasmid-associated salivaricin B locus [Note]. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 170, 105837. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105837 Journal - Research Other
Firth, F. A., Milne, T. J., Seo, B., & Farella, M. (2020). An in-vitro mechanical strain three-dimensional culture model: Periodontal ligament cell viability, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress response. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 128, 120-127. doi: 10.1111/eos.12681 Journal - Research Article
James, J. E., Lamping, E., Santhanam, J., Milne, T. J., Razak, M. F. A., Zakaria, L., & Cannon, R. D. (2020). A 23 bp cyp51A promoter deletion associated with voriconazole resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Neocosmospora keratoplastica. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 272. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00272 Journal - Research Article
McLaughlin, K. I., Milne, T. J., Zafar, S., Zanicotti, D. G., Cullinan, M. P., Seymour, G. J., & Coates, D. E. (2020). The in vitro effect of VEGF receptor inhibition on primary alveolar osteoblast nodule formation. Australian Dental Journal, 65, 196-204. doi: 10.1111/adj.12752 Journal - Research Article
Al-Hassiny, A., Hussani, H., Milne, T., Seo, B., Rich, A. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2019). Vascularity and angiogenic signaling in the dentine-pulp complex of immature and mature permanent teeth. European Endodontic Journal, 4(2), 80-85. doi: 10.14744/eej.2019.26349 Journal - Research Article
Hidayat, M. F. H., Milne, T., Cullinan, M. P., & Seymour, G. J. (2018). Feasibility of the salivary transcriptome as a novel biomarker in determining disease susceptibility. Journal of Periodontal Research, 53(3), 369-377. doi: 10.1111/jre.12522 Journal - Research Article
Parachuru, V. P. B., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2018). FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, interleukin 17 and mast cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontal Research, 53(4), 622-635. doi: 10.1111/jre.12552 Journal - Research Article
Al-Dujaili, M., Milne, T. J., Cannon, R. D., & Farella, M. (2018). Postnatal expression of chondrogenic and osteogenic regulatory factor mRNA in the rat condylar cartilage. Archives of Oral Biology, 93, 126-132. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.05.019 Journal - Research Article
Hasmun, N. N. b., Drummond, B. K., Milne, T., Cullinan, M. P., Meldrum, A. M., & Coates, D. (2017). Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the oral health of preschool children. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 18(6), 393-398. doi: 10.1007/s40368-017-0308-6 Journal - Research Article
Avadhani, A. V., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2017). Multiple cells express interleukin 17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 46(1), 39-45. doi: 10.1111/jop.12465 Journal - Research Article
Balaji, K., Milne, T. J., Drummond, B. K., Cullinan, M. P., & Coates, D. E. (2016). A comparison of salivary IgA in children with Down syndrome and their family members. Archives of Oral Biology, 67, 39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.03.005 Journal - Research Article
Siddiqi, A., Milne, T., Cullinan, M. P., & Seymour, G. J. (2016). Analysis of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and S. aureus levels in edentulous mouths prior to and 6 months after placement of one-piece zirconia and titanium implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 27, 288-294. doi: 10.1111/clr.12536 Journal - Research Article
Milne, T. J., Coates, D. E., Leichter, J. W., Soo, L., Williams, S. M., Seymour, G. J., & Cullinan, M. P. (2016). Periodontopathogen levels following the use of an Er:YAG laser in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Australian Dental Journal, 61, 35-44. doi: 10.1111/adj.12306 Journal - Research Article
Sinon, S. H., Rich, A. M., Parachuru, V. P. B., Firth, F. A., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. J. (2016). Downregulation of toll-like receptor-mediated signalling pathways in oral lichen planus. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 45, 28-34. doi: 10.1111/jop.12319 Journal - Research Article
Zafar, S., Coates, D. E., Cullinan, M. P., Drummond, B. K., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. J. (2016). Effects of zoledronic acid and geranylgeraniol on the cellular behaviour and gene expression of primary human alveolar osteoblasts. Clinical Oral Investigations, 20(8), 2023-2035. doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1706-y Journal - Research Article
Javvadi, L. R., Parachuru, V. P. B., Milne, T. J., Seymour, G. J., & Rich, A. M. (2016). Regulatory T-cells and IL17A+ cells infiltrate oral lichen planus lesions. Pathology, 48(6), 564-573. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.002 Journal - Research Article
Ohlrich, E. J., Coates, D. E., Cullinan, M. P., Milne, T. J., Zafar, S., Zhao, Y., Duncan, W. J., & Seymour, G. J. (2016). The bisphosphonate zoledronic acid regulates key angiogenesis-related genes in primary human gingival fibroblasts. Archives of Oral Biology, 63, 7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.11.013 Journal - Research Article
Bisanz, J. E., Suppiah, P., Thomson, W. M., Milne, T., Yeoh, N., Nolan, A., … Cullinan, M. P., & Stebbings, S. M. (2016). The oral microbiome of patients with axial spondyloarthritis compared to healthy individuals. PeerJ, 4, e2095. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2095 Journal - Research Article
Parachuru, V. P. B., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Rich, A. M., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T-cells and interleukin 17-positive T-helper 17 cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontal Research, 49(6), 817-826. doi: 10.1111/jre.12169 Journal - Research Article
Zafar, S., Coates, D. E., Cullinan, M. P., Drummond, B. K., Milne, T., & Seymour, G. J. (2014). Zoledronic acid and geranylgeraniol regulate cellular behaviour and angiogenic gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 43, 711-721. doi: 10.1111/jop.12181 Journal - Research Article
Saminathan, A., Vinoth, K. J., Wescott, D. C., Pinkerton, M. N., Milne, T. J., Cao, T., & Meikle, M. C. (2012). The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the expression of adhesion-related genes by periodontal ligament cells in two-dimensional culture. Journal of Periodontal Research, 47(2), 212-221. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01423.x Journal - Research Article
Kim, R. W., Duncan, W. J., Coates, D., Milne, T., Cullinan, M., Tawse-Smith, A., & Leichter, J. (2011). Wnt expression during early osseointegration of titanium dental implants. Journal of Dental Research, 90(Spec Iss A), 2687. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Parachuru, P., Seymour, G., Rich, A., Milne, T., Coates, D., Cullinan, M., & Heng, N. (2011). Tregs and IL17 + cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues. New Zealand Dental Journal. 107, (pp. 133). [Abstract] Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Praveen, P. V., Rich, A. M., Horne, L., Hussaini, H. M., Heng, N. C. K., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., & Seymour, G. J. (2011). Regulatory T-cells and Th17-cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues. Journal of Dental Research, 90(Spec Iss A), 1429. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Milne, T. J., Coates, D., Cullinan, M. P., Heng, N. C. K., Leichter, J. W., & Seymour, G. J. (2011, June). A multiplex qRT-PCR assay: A tool for determining periodontal treatment effectiveness. Poster session presented at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of Academy of Science of the Czech Republic Symposium: Developments in rReal-Time PCR from Preanalytics to Molecular Diagnostics, Prague, Czech Republic. Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Mohd, S., Rich, A., Firth, N., Seymour, G., & Milne, T. (2010). Does the Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2) play a role in Oral Mucosal Lichen Planus (OMLP)? Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/index.html Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Ohlrich, E. J., Coates, D. E., Milne, T. J., Cullinan, M. P., Heng, N. C. K., Duncan, W. J., & Seymour, G. J. (2010). Biophosphonates alter angiogenesis gene expression in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Journal of Dental Research, 89(Spec Iss B), 4930. Retrieved from http://www.dentalresearch.org Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Ohlrich, E., Coates, D., Milne, T., Cullinan, M., Heng, N., Duncan, W., & Seymour, G. (2010). Bisphosphonates alter angiogenesis gene expression in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/index.html Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Nguyen, A., Milne, T., Monk, B., & Tyndall, J. (2010). A model system for heterologous expression of cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related group 1 proteins in E. coli. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1321). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1321/4329/content.pdf Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Nguyen, A. B., Milne, T. J., Monk, B. C., & Tyndall, J. D. A. (2009). Re-engineering Tex31 for expression and purification. Proceedings of the ComBio2009 Conference. [CD-ROM] [Abstract] Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Milne, T. J., Ichim, I., Patel, B., McNaughton, A., & Meikle, M. C. (2009). Induction of osteopenia during experimental tooth movement in the rat: Alveolar bone remodelling and the mechanostat theory. European Journal of Orthodontics, 31(3), 221-231. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjp032 Journal - Research Article
Pinkerton, M. N., Wescott, D. C., Gaffey, B. J., Beggs, K. T., Milne, T. J., & Meikle, M. C. (2008). Cultured human periodontal ligament cells constitutively express multiple osteotropic cytokines and growth factors, several of which are responsive to mechanical deformation. Journal of Periodontal Research, 43(3), 343-351. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01040.x Journal - Research Article
Nguyen, A. B., Milne, T. J., Tyndall, J. D. A., & Monk, B. C. (2008, November-December). Expression of recombinant Tex31. Poster session presented at the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, New Zealand Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the New Zealand Society of Plant Biologists Combined Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Milne, T. J. (2008). Purification and characterisation of Tex31, a conotoxin precursor processing protease, isolated from the venom duct of Conus textile (PhD). Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. 147p. Awarded Doctoral Degree
Milne, T. J. (2008). What can the AB 7500 real time PCR instrument do for us? Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/rd2008/presentations.html Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Wescott, D. C., Pinkerton, M. N., Gaffey, B. J., Beggs, K. T., Milne, T. J., & Meikle, M. C. (2008). Osteogenic gene expression by human periodontal ligament cells under cyclic tension. Proceedings of the Faculty of Dentistry 3M Research Day. Retrieved from http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/research/rd2008/presentations.html Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Wescott, D. C., Pinkerton, M. N., Gaffey, B. J., Beggs, K. T., Milne, T. J., & Meikle, M. C. (2007). Osteogenic gene expression by human periodontal ligament cells under cyclic tension. Journal of Dental Research, 86(12), 1212-1216. Journal - Research Article
Milne, T. J., Abbenante, G., Tyndall, J. D. A., Halliday, J., & Lewis, R. J. (2003). Isolation and characterization of a cone snail protease with homology to CRISP proteins of the pathogenesis-related protein superfamily. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(33), 31105-31110. Journal - Research Article
Abbenante, G., Leung, D., Bond, T., & Fairlie, D. P. (2001). An efficient Fmoc strategy for the rapid synthesis of peptide para-nitroanilides. Letters in Peptide Science, 7, 347-351. Journal - Research Article
Lewis, R. J., Nielsen, K. J., Craik, D. J., Loughnan, M. L., Adams, D. A., Sharpe, I. A., … Bond, T., … Alewood, P. F. (2000). Novel ω-conotoxins from Conus catus discriminate among neuronal calcium channel subtypes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(45), 35335-35344. Journal - Research Article
Sheridan, A., Mei, M. L., Cooper, P. R., Milne, T., & Friedlander, L. (2025). Silver diamine fluoride treatment for the management of deep caries: A scoping review. Journal of Dentistry, 161, 105946. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105946 Journal - Research Other
Chao, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P., & Friedlander, L. (2025). The influence of type 2 diabetes on ectopic calcification within the dentine-pulp complex. Archives of Oral Biology, 177, 106316. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2025.106316 Journal - Research Article
Pavaskar, R., Friedlander, L., Milne, T., Cooper, P. R., & Hussaini, H. M. (2025, September). Type 2 diabetes and the dental pulp: Angiogenesis and the role of neuropeptides in response to caries. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Patel, S., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Cooper, P., & Friedlander, L. (2024). Hyperglycaemia and human dental pulp cells: So what about angiogenesis? International Endodontic Journal, 57(Suppl. 1), (pp. 56). doi: 10.1111/iej.14004 Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Chao, H., Milne, T., Cathro, P., Cooper, P., & Friedlander, L. (2024). Hyperglycaemia promotes mineralisation of human dental pulp cells: An exploratory in vitro study. International Endodontic Journal, 57(Suppl. 1), (pp. 55). doi: 10.1111/iej.14004 Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Godoy Zanicotti, D., Milne, T. J., & Coates, D. E. (2023). Culturing adipose-derived stem cells under serum-free conditions. In G. J. Seymour, M. P. Cullinan, N. C. K. Heng & P. R. Cooper (Eds.), Oral biology: Molecular techniques and applications: Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 2588). (3rd ed.) (pp. 407-415). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_23 Chapter in Book - Other
Patel, S., Milne, T. J., Hussaini, H. M., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023, July). Hyperglycaemia and the dental pulp: So what about angiogenesis? Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Chao, H. C., Milne, T. J., Cathro, P., Cooper, P. R., & Friedlander, L. T. (2023, July). Hyperglycaemia promotes mineralisation of human dental pulp cells: An exploratory in vitro study. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Safii, S. H., Medlicott, N. J., Milne, T. J., & Duncan, W. J. (2023). Manuka honey as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal treatment: A pilot study. Annals of Dentistry, 30, 29-41. doi: 10.22452/adum.vol30no5 Journal - Research Article
Milne, T., Anwar, M., Burga, L., Harcombe, H., Garelja, M., Middleton, A., Ribeiro, D. C., Fleming, N., Ogbuehi, K., & Bahn, A. (Eds.). (2023). Proceedings of the 265th Otago Medical School Research Society (OMSRS) Meeting: Summer Student Speaker Awards. Dunedin, New Zealand: OMSRS. Retrieved from https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/12839 Conference Contribution - Edited volume of conference proceedings
Coates, D. E., Zafar, S., & Milne, T. J. (2023). Quantitative real-time gene profiling of human alveolar osteoblasts using a one-step system. In G. J. Seymour, M. P. Cullinan, N. C. K. Heng & P. R. Cooper (Eds.), Oral biology: Molecular techniques and applications: Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 2588). (3rd ed.) (pp. 417-427). New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_24 Chapter in Book - Other
Milne, T. (2023, September). The yin and yang of alveolar bone remodelling. Verbal presentation at the 19th International Conference of Women Engineers & Scientists (ICWES): Shaping the Future, Auckland, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Edirisinghe, S. T., Weerasekera, M., De Silva, D. K., Devmini, M. T., Pathmaperuma, S., Wijesinghe, G. K., … Hussaini, H., Rich, A. M., De Silva, H., Milne, T., … Yasawardene, S. (2023). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) as potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: A Sri Lankan study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24(1), 267-274. doi: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.1.267 Journal - Research Article
Edirisinghe, S., Yasewardene, S., Weerasekera, M., Rich, A., De Silva, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., … Gunasinghe, R. (2020). Association of smoking and level of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Anatomy, 236(Suppl. 1), P1-CM12. doi: 10.1111/joa.13163 Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Dong, Z., Haines, S., Milne, T., & Coates, D. (2019, August-September). Identification of stem cell biomarkers using deer antler as a model of mammalian organ regeneration. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand. Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
AlSamahi, S., Milne, T. J., Rich, A. M., Hussaini, H. M., & Friedlander, L. T. (2019). The influences of Type 2 diabetes on clinically normal dental pulp tissues. International Endodontic Journal, 52(Suppl. 1), (pp. 39). doi: 10.1111/iej.13172 Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Firth, F., Milne, T., Seo, B., & Farella, M. (2018). A mechanical strain model for the assessment of periodontal ligament cell endoplasmic reticulum stress in three-dimensional culture. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40(5), (pp. e74-e75). doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjy060 Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Al Samahi, S., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Rich, A., & Friedlander, L. (2018). Increased expression of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) in normal dental pulp of Type 2 diabetics. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 187). [Abstract] Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Narayan, H., Milne, T., Hussaini, H., Seymour, G., & Rich, A. (2017). In vitro effect of cigarette smoke on DNA methylation in oral cells. New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1460), (pp. 96-97). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Firth, F., Milne, T., Seo, B., & Farella, M. (2017). A human periodontal ligament cell mechanical strain culture model for the study of endoplasmic reticulum stress. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 57). [Abstract] Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Firth, F., Milne, T., Seo, B., & Farella, M. (2017). A mechanical strain model for the assessment of periodontal ligament cell endoplasmic reticulum stress in three-dimensional culture. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. B). Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Milne, T. J. (2017). A protocol for the determination of the methylation status of gingival tissue DNA at specific CpG islands. In G. J. Seymour, M. P. Cullinan & N. C. K. Heng (Eds.), Oral biology: Molecular techniques and applications: Methods in molecular biology (Vol. 1537). (2nd ed.) (pp. 299-306). New York, NY: Humana Press. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_17 Chapter in Book - Research