Associate Professor Carolina Loch Santos da Silva

2026

Journal - Research Article

Kavale-Henderson, L. A., Buckberry, J., Buckley, H., Cameron, C., King, C., Koon, H., … Loch, C. (2026). “An injurious and utterly unfit environment”: A case study comparing dental evidence of childhood stress in nineteenth century working-class peoples from British and colonial New Zealand contexts. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 190, e70315. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.70315

Loch, C., Boyd, D. H., Richter, P., Al-Mahruqi, I., Al-Adawi, M., Al-Sabahi, M., Alismaily, S., & Foster Page, L. A. (2026). Microstructural analysis of carious lesion progression beneath hall technique and conventional stainless-steel crowns in children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/ipd.70104

Cheong, E., Aldabe, D., Thiyahuddin, N., Farella, M., & Loch, C. (2026). The effects of stroke on oral function and oral health: A qualitative study. Gerodontology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/ger.70081

Kemper, C. M., Loch, C., Jansen van Vuuren, L., Austin, J., & Stemmer, D. (2026). Stranding of a Hector's beaked whale (Mesoplodon hectori) (Gray 1871) from South Australia unearths novel additional teeth. Marine Mammal Science, 42(2), e70155. doi: 10.1111/mms.70155

Kavale-Henderson, L. A., Loch, C., Buckley, H., Petchey, P., King, C., Cameron, C., & Snoddy, A. M. E. (2026). Reflections of their homelands: Early life enamel formation disruption in nineteenth century settlers of Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 56, e70022. doi: 10.1002/snz2.70022

Loch, C., Brunton, P., Moffat, S., Aarts, J., Carrington, S., Lyons, K., Gray, A., … Williman, J., … Crampton, P. (2026). Sociodemographic characteristics of Aotearoa New Zealand oral health students: Do student cohorts reflect the society they will serve? Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 56, e70003. doi: 10.1002/snz2.70003

Journal - Research Other

Mercado, F., & Loch, C. (2026). The role of biologically active materials in peri-implant diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15, 4868. doi: 10.3390/jcm15134868

Mercado, F., Loch, C., Mustafa, A., Lee, E., & Hecker, M. (2026). Three decades of enamel matrix derivative: From Dental innovation to extra-oral applications. International Journal of Dentistry, 2026, 6556335. doi: 10.1155/ijod/6556335

2025

Journal - Research Article

Mahoney, P., McFarlane, G., Barnard, P., Pitfield, R., O'Hara, M. C., Coppa, A., … Loch, C. (2025). Variation in modern human deciduous molar enamel formation time. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 188(3), e70156. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.70156

Graïc, J.-M., Gerussi, T., Cozzi, B., Boys, R. M., Kot, B. C. W., Perrott, M. R., … Loch, C., White, S., Dawson, S., Rayment, W., … Fordyce, R. E., & Stockin, K. A. (2025). A contribution to the anatomy of two rare cetacean species: The hourglass dolphin (Cephalorhynchus cruciger) and the spectacled porpoise (Phocoena dioptrica). Anatomical Record. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/ar.70045

Towle, I., Krueger, K. L., Hirata, K., Kubo, M. O., Hara, A. T., Irish, J. D., Loch, C., … Fiorenza, L. (2025). Non-carious cervical lesions in wild primates: Implications for understanding toothpick grooves and abfraction lesions. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 188(2), e70132. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.70132

Loch, C., Visser, I. N., Stratford, K., White, S., Wakefield, J., Bull, S., … Oliphant-Stewart, R. (2025). Tooth wear and dental calculus in a group of orca (Orcinus orca) stranded on the New Zealand southern coast. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2025.2491510

Al Shukri, Y., Visser, I. N., Wiig, Ø., & Loch, C. (2025). Macromorphology, microstructure, mechanical properties, and elemental composition of enamel and dentine in the Eurasian otter lutra lutra. International Journal of Zoology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1155/ijz/2548475

Barnard, P., McFarlane, G., Deter, C., Loch, C., & Mahoney, P. (2025). The periodicity of enamel laminations in human deciduous molars. Archives of Oral Biology, 171, 106164. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106164

Journal - Research Other

Valenzuela-Toro, A. M., Viglino, M., & Loch, C. (2025). Historical and ongoing inequities shape research visibility in Latin American aquatic mammal paleontology [Comment]. Communications Biology, 8, 472. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-07863-w

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Beckett, D., & Loch Santos da Silva, C. (2025, November). Fostering an interprofessional approach to learning and teaching: A pilot study of interdisciplinary Tooth Morphology education. Verbal presentation at the University of Otago Learning & Teaching Symposium: Learning through the Lens of Educators, [Hybrid].

Kavale-Henderson, L., King, C., Cameron, C., Sohler-Snoddy, A., & Loch, C. (2025, September). Enamel formation disruption in children with known histories from Dunedin, New Zealand. Verbal presentation at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinical and Research Excellence Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2024

Journal - Research Article

Young, J., Stockin, K. A., Coates, D. E., & Loch, C. (2024). Micro-CT and immunohistochemical assessment of developing enamel in dolphins: A pilot study. New Zealand Dental Journal, 120(4), 180-186.

Ando, T., Robinson, J. H., Loch, C., Nakahara, T., Hayashi, S., Richards, M. D., & Fordyce, R. E. (2024). A new tiny fossil penguin from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand and the morphofunctional transition of the penguin wing. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 54(5), 660-681. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2024.2362283

Aziz, S., Loch, C., Li, K. C., Anthonappa, R., Meldrum, A., & Ekambaram, M. (2024). Remineralization potential of dentifrices with calcium sodium phosphosilicate and functionalized tri‐calcium phosphate in the deeper incipient carious lesions: An in vitro study. Clinical & Experimental Dental Research, 10, e876. doi: 10.1002/cre2.876

Loch, C., & Marmontel, M. (2024). Tooth wear and dental pathology in Amazon River dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) and tucuxis (Sotalia fluviatilis). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 19(2), 159-164. doi: 10.5597/lajam00318

Towle, I., & Loch, C. (2024). Variation in enamel prism size in primate molars. Archives of Oral Biology, 160, 105895. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105895

Towle, I., Loch, C., Martínez de Pinillos, M., Modesto-Mata, M., & Hlusko, L. J. (2024). Severe enamel defects in wild Japanese macaques. International Journal of Zoology, 2024, 445492. doi: 10.1155/2024/8445492

Coste, A., Fordyce, R. E., & Loch, C. (2024). A new fossil dolphin with tusk-like teeth from New Zealand and an analysis of procumbent teeth in fossil cetaceans. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 54(5), 738-757. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2023.2267456

Nath, S. J. C., Fu, Y., Li, K. C., Loho, T., Loch, C., & Ekambaram, M. (2024). A comparison of the enamel remineralisation potential of self-assembling peptides. International Dental Journal, 74(2), 187-194. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.07.003

Weatherly, K., Brunton, P., Loch, C., McKeage, J. W., Ruddy, B. P., Taberner, A. J., & White, D. E. (2024). Case study of user experience-driven design in a new local anaesthetic dentistry jet injection device. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 54(2), 177-189. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2113809

Loch, C., Beckett, D., Kawe-Small, T., Cannon, R. D., Foster Page, L. A., Te Morenga, L., & Smith, L. A. (2024). Sugar in your diet: Kino te pai! An evaluation of oral health science outreach and community impact. International Journal of Health Promotion & Education, 62(2), 85-97. doi: 10.1080/14635240.2021.2004439

Journal - Research Other

Loch, C., Thomas, D., & Robinson, J. (2024). Fossil vertebrates from southern Zealandia: Taonga of international significance. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 54(5), 561-565. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2024.2363431

Towle, I., Loch, C., Oxenham, M., Krueger, K. L., Salem, A. S., Martinéz de Pinillos, M., … Hlusko, L. J. (2024). Technical note: Micro-computed tomography calibration using dental tissue for bone mineral research [Technical note]. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 184(3), e24952. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24952

Towle, I., Borths, M. R., & Loch, C. (2024). Tooth chipping patterns and dental caries suggest a soft fruit diet in early anthropods. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 183(2), e24884. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24884

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Loch, C., Thomas, D., & Gottfried, M. D. (2024). In memoriam: Robert Ewan Fordyce. Marine Mammal Science, 40(2), e13117. doi: 10.1111/mms.13117

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Loch, C. (2024). A bite of evolution: Elucidating cetacean evolutionary history through their teeth. In F. Nelson, H. Jack & S. Chanony (Eds.), Geoscience Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication: Mountains to Sea. 167A, (pp. 146). Wellington, New Zealand: Geoscience Society of New Zealand. [Abstract]

Other Research Output

Towle, I., Loch, C., Martínez de Pinillos, M., Modesto-Mata, M., & Hlusko, L. J. (2024). Data from: Severe enamel defects in wild Japanese macaques. doi: 10.5061/DRYAD.6T1G1JX46

2023

Chapter in Book - Research

Loch, C., Fordyce, R. E., & Werth, A. (2023). Skulls, teeth, and sex. In B. Würsig & D. N. Orbach (Eds.), Sex in cetaceans: Morphology, behavior, and the evolution of sexual strategies. (pp. 51-64). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_3

Journal - Research Article

Tinawi, A., Chen, N., Mei, L., & Loch, C. (2023). Occlusion norms in mammals: An introductory study. New Zealand Dental Journal, 119(4), 186-196.

Barron Hill, E., Mastny-Jensen, C., & Loch, C. (2023). Before and after: COVID-19 impacts on dental students' well-being, clinical competency and employment opportunities. European Journal of Dental Education, 28(2), 522-529. doi: 10.1111/eje.12977

Beckett, D. M., Vaz Viegas, S., Broadbent, J. M., Wheeler, B. J., Bērziņš, K., Fraser-Miller, S. J., Gordon, K. C., Drummond, B. K., Mahoney, E. K., & Loch, C. (2023). An exploration of mineral density, elemental and chemical composition of primary teeth in relation to cord-blood vitamin D, using laboratory analysis techniques. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 38(12), 1846-1855. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4928

Viglino, M., Ezcurra, M. D., Fordyce, R. E., & Loch, C. (2023). The better to eat you with: Morphological disparity and enamel ultrastructure in odontocetes. Scientific Reports, 13, 16969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44112-8

Veerasamy, A., Adam, L., Loch, C., Gray, A. R., Lyons, K., & Brunton, P. (2023). Experiences and perceptions of New Zealand oral health students' rapid move to online learning. New Zealand Dental Journal, 119(3), 123-132.

Towle, I., Loho, T., Salem, A. S., Berthaume, M. A., & Loch, C. (2023). Variation in enamel mechanical properties throughout the crown in catarrhine primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 182, 103413. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103413

Towle, I., Salem, A. S., Veneziano, A., & Loch, C. (2023). Variation in enamel and dentine mineral concentration and density in primate molars. Archives of Oral Biology, 153, 105752. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105752

Coste, A., Fordyce, R. E., & Loch, C. (2023). A new dolphin with tusk-like teeth from the late Oligocene of New Zealand indicates evolution of novel feeding strategies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290, 20230873. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0873

Lopes, F., Oliveira, L. R., Beux, Y., Kessler, A., Cárdenas-Alayza, S., Majluf, P., … Loch, C., Robertson, B. C., … Bonatto, S. L. (2023). Genomic evidence for homoploid hybrid speciation in a marine mammal apex predator. Science Advances, 9, eadf6601. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6601

Floyd, B., Battles, H. T., White, S., Loch, C., McFarlane, G., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., & Mahoney, P. (2023). Longitudinal changes in juvenile and adolescent body mass indices before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand. American Journal of Human Biology, 35(5), e23861. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23861

Zhao, R., Wang, T., Yang, R., Adam, L. A., Zaharic, T., Loch, C., Tompkins, G. R., & Cooper, P. R. (2023). Enhancing the student learning experience: Co-teaching biochemistry and clinical sciences within the dental curriculum. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Education, 51, 146-154. doi: 10.1002/bmb.21701

Sim, M. Y., Tan, L. F., Adam, L., & Loch, C. (2023). No one is born with it: Australasian dental students’ perceptions of learning manual dexterity. Journal of Dental Education, 87, 60-69. doi: 10.1002/jdd.13101

Journal - Research Other

Viglino, M., Valenzuela-Toro, A. M., Benites-Palomino, A., Hernández-Cisneros, A. E., Gutstein, C. S., Aguirre- Fernández, G., … Loch, C. (2023). Aquatic mammal fossils in Latin America: A review of records, advances and challenges in research in the last 30 years. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 18(1), 50-65. doi: 10.5597/lajam00295

Gonzalez-Socoloske, D., Castelblanco-Martinez, N., Loch, C., Pacheco, A. S., & Marmontel, M. (2023). Twenty years of the Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 18(1), 1-4. doi: 10.5597/lajam00293

Towle, I., Constantino, P. J., Borths, M. R., & Loch, C. (2023). Tooth chipping patterns in Archaeolemur provide insight into diet and behavior [Brief communication]. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 180, 401-408. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24674

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Kavale-Henderson, L., Sohler-Snoddy, A., Loch, C., Petchey, P., & Buckley, H. (2023). A histological exploration of developmental stress in the enamel of 19th century Otago settlers. Proceedings of the 10th Asia Pacific International Congress of Anatomists (APICA) and the 20th Australian & New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists (ANZACA) Conference: Reconnect, Ka Mua, Ka Muri. Retrieved from https://apica2023.com

Towle, I., Hlusko, L. J., Martinéz de Pinillos, M., Modesto, M., Irish, J. D., & Loch, C. (2023). How enamel thickness, mineral concentra-tion and mechanical properties influence tooth wear and fractures in catarrhine molar crowns. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 180(S75), (pp. 177). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24731

2022

Chapter in Book - Other

Loch, C. (2022). From South America to Aotearoa: My PhD journey. In D. B. Thomas & D. E. Lee (Eds.), R. Ewan Fordyce: Tributes from a global community. (pp. 60-61). Wellington, New Zealand: Geoscience Society of New Zealand.

Journal - Research Article

Mahoney, P., McFarlane, G., Loch, C., White, S., Floyd, B., Dunn, E. C., … Guatelli-Steinberg, D. (2022). Dental biorhythm is associated with adolescent weight gain. Communications Medicine, 2, 99. doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00164-x

Ratnayake, J., Veerasamy, A., Ahmed, H., Coburn, D., Loch, C., Gray, A. R., Lyons, K. M., Heng, N. C. K., Cannon, R. D., … Brunton, P. A. (2022). Clinical and microbiological evaluation of a chlorhexidine-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC-CHX) restoration placed using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique. Materials, 15, 5044. doi: 10.3390/ma15145044

Brunton, P. A., McLean, M., Vedagiri, S., McKeage, J., Ruddy, B., Weatherly, K., … Loch, C. (2022). Jet injection needle-free dental anaesthesia: Initial findings. Journal of Dentistry, 122, 104165. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104165

Beckett, D. M., Wheeler, B. J., Loch, C., Mahoney, E. K., Drummond, B. K., & Broadbent, J. M. (2022). Dental health in a cohort of six-year-old New Zealand children who were breastfed as infants: A comprehensive descriptive study. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(1), 5-13.

Beckett, D. M., Broadbent, J. M., Loch, C., Mahoney, E. K., Drummond, B. K., & Wheeler, B. J. (2022). Dental consequences of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and early infancy: An observational study. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 19, 1932. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19041932

Ratnayake, J., Guan, G., Polonowita, A., Gray, A. R., Loch, C., Li, K. C., Waddell, J. N., Lyons, K., & Brunton, P. A. (2022). Measuring changes in jaw opening forces to assess the degree of improvement in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1224. doi: 10.3390/app12031224

Liaw, R. D. Y., Ling, D. C. T., Vuli, L. J., Loch, C., & Adam, L. A. (2022). “It's just inappropriate”: Harassment of dental students by patients. Journal of Dental Education, 86, 605-614. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12854

Towle, I., Irish, J. D., Sabbi, K. H., & Loch, C. (2022). Dental caries in wild primates: Interproximal cavities on anterior teeth. American Journal of Primatology, 84, e23349. doi: 10.1002/ajp.23349

Loch, C., Hemm, L., Taylor, B., Visser, I. N., & Wiig, Ø. (2022). Microstructure, elemental composition and mechanical properties of enamel and dentine in the polar bear Ursus maritimus. Archives of Oral Biology, 134, 105318. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105318

Journal - Research Other

Towle, I., MacIntosh, A. J. J., Hirata, K., Kubo, M. O., & Loch, C. (2022). Atypical tooth wear found in fossil hominins also present in a Japanese macaque population. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 178, 171-181. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24500

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Adam, L., Zhao, R., Wang, T., Yang, R., Zaharic, T., Loch, C., Tompkins, G., & Cooper, P. (2022). Linking theory to practice: Co-teaching biochemistry in dental education. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(4), (pp. 172). [Abstract]

Beckett, D., Broadbent, J., Loch, C., Wheeler, B., Mahoney, E., Drummond, B., Miller, S., & Gordon, K. (2022). Dental consequences of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and early infancy. New Zealand Dental Journal, 118(4), (pp. 170-171). [Abstract]

Towle, I., MacIntosh, A. J. J., Berthaume, M., & Loch, C. (2022). Is atypical tooth wear described in fossil hominins caused by grit mastication? Potential evidence from a living primate population. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 177(S23), (pp. 183). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24514

McFarlane, G., Loch, C., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Bayle, P., Le Luyer, M., Sabel, N., … White, S., … Mahoney, P. (2022). A comparison of enamel daily sections rates in deciduous molars from modern-day children living in Aotearoa New Zealand, Britain, Canada, France, and Sweden. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 177(S23), (pp. 118). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24514

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Senthilkumar, A., Adam, L., Gray, A., Loch, C., Lyons, K., & Brunton, P. (2022, November). Experiences and perceptions of New Zealand dental students’ rapid move to online learning. Verbal presentation at the COVID-19’s Impact on Teaching and Learning at the University of Otago: Lessons Learned Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Beckett, D. M., Broadbent, J., Loch, C., Wheeler, B., Mahoney, E., Drummond, B., Miller, S., & Gordon, K. (2022, September). Dental consequences of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and early infancy. Verbal presentation at the Postgraduate & Early Career Researchers Committee (PERC) & Division of Health Sciences Early & Mid-Career Researcher (EMCR) Joint Research Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2021

Journal - Research Article

McFarlane, G., Loch, C., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Bayle, P., Le Luyer, M., Sabel, N., … White, S., … Mahoney, P. (2021). Enamel daily secretion rates of deciduous molars from a global sample of children. Archives of Oral Biology, 132, 105290. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105290

Towle, I., Irish, J. D., & Loch, C. (2021). Paranthropus robustus tooth chipping patterns do not support regular hard food mastication [Short communications]. Journal of Human Evolution, 158, 103044. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103044

McKeage, J. W., Loch, C., Zwirner, J., Hammer, N., White, D. E., Ruddy, B. P., Brunton, P. A., & Taberner, A. J. (2021). Controllable jet injection of dental local anaesthetic. IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health & Medicine, 9, 2300108. doi: 10.1109/JTEHM.2021.3090748

Towle, I., Irish, J. D., De Groote, I., Fernée, C., & Loch, C. (2021). Dental caries in South African fossil hominins. South African Journal of Science, 117(3/4), 8705. doi: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8705

Towle, I., & Loch, C. (2021). Tooth chipping prevalence and patterns in extant primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 175, 292-299. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24232

bin Haji Awang Masri, A. A., Khang, K. K. Y., Low Wei Shen, L., Ekambaram, M., & Loch, C. (2021). Knowledge of dental enamel defects among undergraduate dental students a cross sectional survey. European Journal of Dental Education, 25, 711-716. doi: 10.1111/eje.12650

Lopes, F., Oliveira, L. R., Kessler, A., Beux, Y., Crespo, E., Cárdenas-Alayza, S., … Loch, C., Robertson, B. C., … Bonatto, S. L. (2021). Phylogenomic discordance in the eared seals is best explained by incomplete lineage sorting following explosive radiation in the southern hemisphere. Systematic Biology, 70(4), 786-802. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa099

McFarlane, G., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Loch, C., White, S., Bayle, P., Floyd, B., … Mahoney, P. (2021). An inconstant biorhythm: The changing pace of Retzius periodicity in human permanent teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 175, 172-186. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24206

Jum'ah, A. A., Elsalem, L., Loch, C., Schwass, D., & Brunton, P. A. (2021). Perception of health and educational risks among dental students and educators in the era of COVID-19. European Journal of Dental Education, 25, 506-515. doi: 10.1111/eje.12626

Youhanna, K. M. Y., Adam, L., Monk, B. C., & Loch, C. (2021). Dentistry students' experiences, engagement and perception of biochemistry within the dental curriculum and beyond. European Journal of Dental Education, 25, 318-324. doi: 10.1111/eje.12607

Loch, C., Kuan, I. B. J., Elsalem, L., Schwass, D., Brunton, P. A., & Jum'ah, A. (2021). COVID-19 and dental clinical practice: Students and clinical staff perceptions of health risks and educational impact. Journal of Dental Education, 85, 44-52. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12402

Loch, C., Jansen van Vuuren, L., Duncan, W. J., Boyd, D. H., & Foster Page, L. A. (2021). Ultrastructure and properties of primary carious molars treated using the Hall Technique. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 31(3), 290-298. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12681

Journal - Research Other

Towle, I., Loch, C., Irish, J. D., Veneziano, A., & Ito, T. (2021). Chipping and wear patterns in extant primate and fossil hominin molars: ‘Functional’ cusps are associated with extensive wear but low levels of fracture. Journal of Human Evolution, 151, 102923. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102923

Snoddy, A. M. E., Miszkiewicz, J. J., Loch, C., Tromp, M., & Buckley, H. R. (2021). An image analysis protocol for the quantification of interglobular dentine in anthropological tooth sections [Technical note]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 174, 144-148. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24143

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Heng, N., Han, R., Morgan, X., & Loch, C. (2021). The oral microbiome of killer whales (Orcinus orca). Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the Federation of Asian & Oceanic Biochemists & Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB). (pp. 134). Retrieved from https://www.faobmb2021.org

2020

Journal - Research Article

Ratnayake, J., Guan, G., Polonowita, A., Li, K. C., Gray, A., Waddell, J. N., Loch, C., & Brunton, P. A. (2020). Can the measurement of jaw-opening forces assist in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders? Journal of Oral & Facial Pain & Headache, 34(3), 199-205. doi: 10.11607/ofph.2587

Loch, C., Vaz Viegas, S., Waddell, J. N., Kemper, C., Cook, R. B., & Werth, A. J. (2020). Structure and properties of baleen in the Southern right (Eubalaena australis) and Pygmy right whales (Caperea marginata). Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 110, 103939. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103939

Loch, C., Brunton, P. A., Rahim, Z. A., Liew, L., Lynch, C. D., Wilson, N., … Jum'ah, A. A. (2020). The teaching of removable partial dentures in dental schools in Oceania. Journal of Dentistry, 95, 103309. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103309

Abd Aziz, S., Kuan, S., Jin, E., Loch, C., & Thomson, W. M. (2020). Do as I say and not as I do? New Zealand dentists’ oral health practices and advice to patients. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 50(1), 178-188. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1656649

Werth, A. J., Loch, C., & Fordyce, R. E. (2020). Enamel microstructure in Cetacea: A case study in evolutionary loss of complexity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 27, 789-805. doi: 10.1007/s10914-019-09484-7

Journal - Research Other

Broadbent, J. M., Loch, C., & Cannon, R. D. (2020). Dental research in New Zealand, past, present, and future. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 50(1), 1-3. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1736587

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Liaw, R., Ling, D., Vuli, L., Loch, C., & Adam, L. (2020). Harassment of clinical dental students by patients. Journal of Dental Research, 99(A), 2268. [Abstract]

Towle, I., Loch, C., & Irish, J. D. (2020). The influence of diet, phylogeny and dental properties on tooth wear and fracture patterns. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 171(Suppl. 69), (pp. 285-286). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24023

McFarlane, G., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Loch, C., White, S., Pitfield, R., Bayle, P., … Mahoney, P. (2020). Retzius lines: An inconstant biorhythm in human teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 171(Suppl. 69), (pp. 179). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24023

Mahoney, P., Pitfield, R., McFarlane, G., Loch, C., White, S., Sabel, N., … Guatelli-Steinberg, D. (2020). Deciduous enamel growth rates in modern and ancient children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 171(Suppl. 69), (pp. 170). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24023

Guatelli-Steinberg, D., McFarlane, G., Loch, C., White, S., Pitfield, R., Bayle, P., … Mahoney, P. (2020). Differences in enamel extension rates in modern southern Africans and Europeans correspond with differences in their crown formation times. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 171(Suppl. 69), (pp. 108). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24023

2019

Journal - Research Article

Bērziņš, K., Sutton, J. J., Loch, C., Beckett, D., Wheeler, B. J., Drummond, B. K., Fraser-Miller, S. J., & Gordon, K. C. (2019). Application of low‐wavenumber Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of human teeth. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 50, 1375-1387. doi: 10.1002/jrs.5648

Veerasamy, A., Loch, C., Adam, L., & Brunton, P. A. (2019). Graduate mobility: Where do dentistry graduates choose to practice? European Journal of Dental Education, 23, 424-430. doi: 10.1111/eje.12448

Loch, C., Ratnayake, J., Veerasamy, A., Cathro, P., Lee, R., & Brunton, P. A. (2019). Direct restorations, endodontics, and bleaching: Materials and techniques used by general dentists of New Zealand. International Journal of Dentistry, 2019, 6327171. doi: 10.1155/2019/6327171

Loch, C., Liaw, Y., Pg Metussin, A., Lynch, C. D., Wilson, N., Blum, I. R., & Brunton, P. A. (2019). The teaching of posterior composites: A survey of dental schools in Oceania. Journal of Dentistry, 84, 36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.01.005

Loch, C., Buono, M. R., Kaithoff, D. C., Mörs, T., & Fernández, M. S. (2019). Enamel microstructure in Eocene cetaceans from Antarctica (Archaeoceti and Mysticeti). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 27, 289-298. doi: 10.1007/s10914-018-09456-3

Brunton, P. A., Ratnayake, J., Loch, C., Veerasamy, A., Cathro, P., & Lee, R. (2019). Indirect restorations and fixed prosthodontics: Materials and techniques used by general dentists of New Zealand. International Journal of Dentistry, 2019, 5210162. doi: 10.1155/2019/5210162

Rovaris, K., Sousa Melo, S. L., Queiroz, P. M., Loch, C., Schwass, D. R., & Haiter-Neto, F. (2019). Beam hardening correction tool improves the diagnosis of incipient caries lesions in Micro-CT images. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 48, 20180123. doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20180123

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Ratnayake, J., Guan, S., Polonowita, A., Li, K. C., Waddell, N., Loch, C., Gray, A., & Brunton, P. (2019). Can the measurement of jaw-opening forces assist in diagnosing temporomandibular-disorders? Journal of Dental Research, 98(A), 0179. Retrieved from https://iadr.abstractarchives.com

Bērziņš, K., Fraser-Miller, S. J., Loch, C., & Gordon, K. C. (2019). Application of low frequency Raman spectroscopy on analysis of human teeth. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Dodd-Walls Centre Symposium. (pp. 38). Retrieved from https://www.otago.ac.nz/dodd-walls

Towle, I., & Loch, C. (2019). Tooth wear, diet and dental properties: The interaction between occlusal wear and enamel fractures. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 160). [Abstract]

Loch Santos da Silva, C., Gutstein, C. S., Pyenson, N. D., & Clementz, M. T. (2019). Eating big down under: Enamel microstructure and isotopic data on an extinct sperm whale from the Atacama Region, northern Chile. New Zealand Dental Journal, 115, (pp. 160). [Abstract]

2018

Journal - Research Article

Lee, R. J., Ratnayake, J., Veerasamy, A., Loch, C., Cathro, P., & Brunton, P. A. (2018). Demographics, practising arrangements, and standards: Survey among New Zealand dentists. International Journal of Dentistry, 2018, 7675917. doi: 10.1155/2018/7675917

Veerasamy, A., Loch, C., Adam, L., Howe, B. J., & Brunton, P. A. (2018). Challenges in clinical teaching investigated: Towards sustainable staff recruitment and retention in dentistry. European Journal of Dental Education, 22(4), 234-242. doi: 10.1111/eje.12336

Brunton, P. A., Loch, C., Waddell, J. N., Bodansky, H. J., Hall, R., & Gray, A. (2018). Estimation of jaw-opening forces in adults. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 21(1), 57-62. doi: 10.1111/ocr.12215

Duncan, W. J., Greer, P. F. C., Lee, M.-H., Loch, C., & Gay, J. H. A. (2018). Wool-derived keratin hydrogel enhances implant osseointegration in cancellous bone. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, 106(6), 2447-2454. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.34047

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Full paper

Duncan, W., Loch Santos da Silva, C., Cotton, G., Sharma, A., Tompkins, G., Schwass, D., & Meledandri, C. (2018). Development of a novel animal model for testing antimicrobial agents against periodontitis and peri-implantitis. In P. M. Bartold & Y. Ku (Eds.), Contemporary concepts in periodontology & implant dentistry. (pp. 77-95). Adelaide, Australia: Asian Pacific Society of Periodontology. [Full Paper]

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Ahmed, H., Ratnayake, J., Loch, C., Lyons, K., & Brunton, P. (2018). Clinical evaluation of modified-GIC restorations: Six month results. Journal of Dental Research, 97(Spec. Iss. B), 1334. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org

Loch, C., & Buono, M. R. (2018). When whales had teeth: Dental morphology and ultrastructure in ancestral cetaceans from Antarctica. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 185). [Abstract]

Senthilkumar, A., Adam, L., Loch, C., Howe, B. J., & Brunton, P. (2018). Challenges in clinical teaching investigated: Towards sustainable staff recruitment and retention in dentistry. New Zealand Dental Journal, 114(4), (pp. 185). [Abstract]

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Loch, C. (2018, July). Dental science outreach in New Zealand: Challenges and opportunities. Verbal presentation at the 96th International Association for Dental Research (IADR) General Session & Exhibition, London, UK.

Other Research Output

Beckett, D. M., Wheeler, B. J., Loch, C., Mahoney, E., Gray, A., Drummond, B. (2018, November). Are there dental consequences of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and infancy?. New Zealand Dental and Oral Health Therapists Association (NZDOHTA) Otago CPD Roadshow, Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Research Presentation].

Loch, C., Beckett, D. M., Cannon, R., Foster Page, L., Te Morenga, L., Kawe-Small, T. (2018, June). Community-based dental science outreach: The sugar in your diet: Kino Te Pai! experience. New Zealand Dental and Oral Health Therapists Association (NZDOHTA) Invercargill CPD Roadshow, Invercargill, New Zealand. [Research Presentation].

2017

Journal - Research Article

Kabaliuk, N., Nejati, A., Loch, C., Schwass, D., Cater, J. E., & Jermy, M. C. (2017). Strategies for segmenting the upper airway in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) data. Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 7(4), 196-219. doi: 10.4236/ojmi.2017.74019

Jett, J., Visser, I. N., Ventre, J., Waltz, J., & Loch, C. (2017). Tooth damage in captive orcas (Orcinus orca). Archives of Oral Biology, 84, 151-160. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.031

Loch, C., Grando, L. J., Meurer, M. I., Zastrow, M., Fernandes, A., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2017). Radiographic assessment of dental pathology and abnormalities in dolphins. Zoological Science, 34(4), 295-299. doi: 10.2108/zs160151

Kim, K. H., Loch, C., Waddell, J. N., Tompkins, G., & Schwass, D. (2017). Surface characteristics and biofilm development on selected dental ceramic materials. International Journal of Dentistry, 2017, 7627945. doi: 10.1155/2017/7627945

Brunton, P. A., Ghazali, A., Tarif, Z. H., Loch, C., Lynch, C., Wilson, N., & Blum, I. R. (2017). Repair vs replacement of direct composite restorations: A survey of teaching and operative techniques in Oceania. Journal of Dentistry, 59, 62-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.02.010

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Cannon, R., Beckett, D., Waddell, J., Brunton, P., & Loch, C. (2017). Engaging children with oral health and dental science: The Otago experience. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. B). Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org

Senthilkumar, A., Loch, C., Adam, L., & Brunton, P. (2017). Do they stay or do they go? Practice destinations of international dental students. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. B). Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org

Duncan, W., Loch Santos da Silva, C., Cotton, G., Tompkins, G., Schwass, D., & Meledandri, C. (2017). Development of a novel animal model for testing antimicrobial agents against periodontitis and peri-implantitis. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 58-59). [Abstract]

Loch, C., Stratford, K., Wakefield, J., Oliphant-Stewart, R., White, S., Wilson, S., & Visser, I. (2017). Wild dentistry: Dental wear and calculus deposits in New Zealand orca. New Zealand Dental Journal, 113(4), (pp. 53-54). [Abstract]

Coste, A., Fordyce, R. E., & Loch, C. (2017). What role for tusks in an Oligocene dolphin (Late Oligocene, Awamoko Valley)? In J. Baker & M. Rowe (Eds.), Geoscience Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication. (pp. 23-24). Takaka, New Zealand: GSNZ. [Abstract]

Brunton, P. A., Ghazali, A., Haji Tarif, Z., Loch, C., Blum, I. R., & Lynch, C. D. (2017). Repair vs. replacement of direct composite restorations: A survey of teaching programs in Oceania. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. A), 2406. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org

Loch, C., Waddell, N., & Brunton, P. (2017). An investigation of mouth opening forces in adults. Journal of Dental Research, 96(Spec. Iss. A), 2497. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org

2016

Journal - Research Article

Costa, A. P. B., Loch, C., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2016). Variations and anomalies in the vertebral column of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from southern Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 11(1-2), 212-219. doi: 10.5597/lajam00230

Vianna, T. D. S., Loch, C., de Castilho, P. V., Gaidzinski, M. C., Cremer, M. J., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2016). Review of thirty-two years of toothed whale strandings in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil (Cetacea: Odontoceti). Zoologia, 33(5), e20160089. doi: 10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20160089

Loch, C., & Jansen van Vuuren, L. (2016). Ultrastructure, biomechanical and chemical properties of the vestigial dentition of a Cuvier's beaked whale. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 43(2), 171-178. doi: 10.1080/03014223.2015.1133666

Loch, C., Boessenecker, R. W., Churchill, M., & Kieser, J. (2016). Enamel ultrastructure of fossil and modern pinnipeds: Evaluating hypotheses of feeding adaptations in the extinct walrus Pelagiarctos. Science of Nature, 103(5-6), 44. doi: 10.1007/s00114-016-1366-z

Duncan, W. J., Gay, J. H. A., Lee, M.-H., Bae, T.-S., Lee, S.-J., & Loch, C. (2016). The effect of hydrothermal spark discharge anodization in the early integration of implants in sheep sinuses. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 27(8), 975-980. doi: 10.1111/clr.12741

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Brunton, P., Loch, C., & Waddell, J. N. (2016). Jaw opening forces in healthy subjects: A pilot study. Journal of Dental Research, 95(Spec Iss A), 0933. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/

Loch, C., Waddell, J., & Brunton, P. (2016). Estimating jaw opening forces in healthy participants: Comparison of gender, age and physical dimensions differences. Journal of Dental Research, 95(Spec Iss B), 1075. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/

Loch, C., Jansen van Vuuren, L., Duncan, W., Boyd, D., & Foster Page, L. (2016). From the laboratory to clinical practice and back: Ultrastructure and properties of carious deciduous teeth treated using the Hall Technique. Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Symposium. (pp. 8). Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/sjwri/news/otago621026

2015

Journal - Research Article

Duncan, W. J., Lee, M.-H., Bae, T.-S., Lee, S.-J., Gay, J., & Loch, C. (2015). Anodisation increases integration of unloaded titanium implants in sheep mandible. BioMed Research International, 2015, 85969. doi: 10.1155/2015/857969

Drehmer, C. J., Sanfelice, D., & Loch, C. (2015). Dental anomalies in pinnipeds (Carnivora: Otariidae and Phocidae): Occurrence and evolutionary implications. Zoomorphology, 134(2), 325-338. doi: 10.1007/s00435-015-0255-x

Jansen van Vuuren, L., Loch, C., Kieser, J. A., Gordon, K. C., & Fraser, S. J. (2015). Structure and mechanical properties of normal and anomalous teeth in the sand tiger shark Carharias taurus. Journal of Zoo & Aquarium Research, 3(2), 29-36.

Loch, C., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2015). Enamel ultrastructure in fossil cetaceans (Cetacea: Archaeoceti and Odontoceti). PLoS ONE, 10(1), e0116557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116557

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Loch, C., Jansen van Vuuren, L., Boyd, D., Duncan, W., & Foster Page, L. (2015). Ultrastructure and properties of teeth treated using the Hall Technique. Journal of Dental Research, 94(Spec Iss B), 2338520. Retrieved from http://www.iadr.org/

2014

Journal - Research Article

Loch, C., Swain, M. V., Fraser, S. J., Gordon, K. C., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2014). Elemental and chemical characterization of dolphin enamel and dentine using X-ray and Raman microanalyses (Cetacea: Delphinoidea and Inioidea). Journal of Structural Biology, 185(1), 58-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.11.006

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Loch, C., Townsend, G., & Dean, C. (2014). In memoriam: Julius (Jules) August Kieser (20 December 1950–10 June 2014). Dental Anthropology, 27(1-2), 3-4. Retrieved from http://www.dentalanthropology.org/journal/

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Fordyce, R. E., Gottfried, M. D., Loch, C., Rose, K. D., & Sues, H.-D. (2014). Seeking the lost mammals of Zealandia. In K. A. Holt (Ed.), Geoscience Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication. 139A, (pp. 37-38). Takaka, New Zealand: GSNZ. [Abstract]

Loch, C., Swain, M., Fraser, S., Gordon, K., Kieser, J., & Fordyce, E. (2014). Elemental and chemical characterization of the enamel and dentine of dolphins. New Zealand Dental Journal, 110(1), (pp. 28). [Abstract]

Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)

Jansen van Vuuren, L., Loch, C., Kieser, J. A., Gordon, K. C., & Fraser, S. J. (2014, June). Structure and mechanical properties of normal and anomalous teeth in the sand tiger shark Carharias taurus. Poster session presented at the Sharks International, Durban, South Africa.

2013

Journal - Research Article

Loch, C., Schwass, D. R., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2013). Use of micro-computed tomography for dental studies in modern and fossil odontocetes: Potential applications and limitations. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 10. doi: 10.7557/3.2616

Loch, C., Duncan, W., Simões-Lopes, P. C., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2013). Ultrastructure of enamel and dentine in extant dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinoidea and Inioidea). Zoomorphology, 132(2), 215-225. doi: 10.1007/s00435-012-0180-1

Loch, C., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2013). Dental wear in dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from southern Brazil. Archives of Oral Biology, 58(2), 134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.002

Loch, C., Swain, M. V., Jansen van Vuuren, L., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2013). Mechanical properties of dental tissues in dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinoidea and Inioidea). Archives of Oral Biology, 58(7), 773-779. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.12.003

Loch, C., Grando, L. J., Schwass, D. R., Kieser, J. A., Fordyce, R. E., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2013). Dental erosion in South Atlantic dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae): A macro and microscopic approach. Marine Mammal Science, 29(2), 338-347. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00562.x

Journal - Research Other

Loch, C. (2013). [Review of the book Return to the sea: The life and evolutionary times of marine mammals]. Marine Mammal Science, 29(1), 236-237. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00619.x

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Loch, C., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2013). A dental tale of evolution: Macromorphology and ultrastructure of the cetacean dentition. Proceedings of the 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. (pp. 126). Retrieved from http://www.marinemammalscience.org/

Fordyce, R. E., Aguirre-Fernández, G., Loch, C., & Tanaka, Y. (2013). Tusks in extinct Oligocene dolphins: Feeding, display, agonism, or sensory? Proceedings of the 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. (pp. 71). Retrieved from http://www.marinemammalscience.org/

Loch Santos da Silva, C. (2013). Morphology, structure and evolution of teeth in fossil and modern odontocetes (Cetacea). Proceedings of the Sir John Walsh Research Institute Research Day. (pp. 7). Retrieved from http://sjwri.otago.ac.nz/research/sjwri/

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Loch, C., Swain, M., Fraser, S., Gordon, K., Kieser, J., & Fordyce, E. (2013, October). Elemental and chemical characterization of the enamel and dentine of dolphins. Verbal presentation at the 9th Biomouth Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2011

Journal - Research Article

Loch, C., Grando, L. J., Kieser, J. A., & Simões-Lopes, P. (2011). Dental pathology in dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from the southern coast of Brazil. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 94(3), 225-234. doi: 10.3354/dao02339

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Loch, C., Schwass, D., Kieser, J. A., & Fordyce, R. E. (2011, November-December). Use of micro-computed tomography for dental studies in modern and fossil odontocetes. Verbal presentation at the 19^th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Tampa, FL.

2010

Journal - Research Article

Loch, C., Simões-Lopes, P. C., & Drehmer, C. J. (2010). Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae). Zoologia, 27(3), 477-482. doi: 10.1590/S1984-46702010005000001

2009

Journal - Research Article

Loch, C., Marmontel, M., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2009). Conflicts with fisheries and intentional killing of freshwater dolphins (Cetacea: Odontoceti) in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Biodiversity & Conservation, 18(14), 3979-3988. doi: 10.1007/s10531-009-9693-4

Drehmer, C. J., Dornelles, J. E. F., & Loch, C. (2009). Variações na fórmula dentária de Otaria byronia (Blainville)(Pinnipedia, Otariidae) no Pacífico: registro de um novo tipo de anomalia [Variations in dental formula of Otaria byronia Blainville (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) in the Pacific: Record of a new type of anomaly]. Neotropical Biology & Conservation, 4(1), 28-35.